Political Idea :: essays research papers

Throughout time there have always been some philosophers who largess theories, which have philosophical themes in religious thinking that, are in connection to current social and political ideas. Thinkers like St. Anselm, St. Thomas Aquinas, and John yahoo all express their trip ups and feelings on the existence of God, as well as the human race. Their theories are based off asking questions like why are we here and how do we prove Gods existence? Is there really life after death and where does the soul go? They also look the ideas and theories behind the nature of man and what relationship that has with the existence of God. With one goal in mind, at three different times in history all(prenominal) have resulted in the same conclusion, that God does exist and his existence is a result of knowing and understanding why he exists. They all prove their theories in different ways, but their outcome is one in the same.St. Anselm takes the Ontological argument to explain to existenc e of God. An ontological argument is simply an analysis of the nature or being of something, where we would attempt to define the object, to understand its nature and to be able to list all its qualities and attributes. However, it is important to keep in mind the difference amidst appearance and reality when using the ontological argument to define Gods existence. There are things that appear to be real in the heading of God, but are indeed simply an image of the mind. Anselm begins first with the meaning of the word God. According to most Jews and Christians, the term God means one that is greatest in power, in knowledge, in goodness and in reality which then can be translated to be God is conceived as the most perfect being. Since this view of God that accords with the faith commitments of most believers, Anselm uses it in his ontological analysis. His definition becomes that being than which none greater can be conceived, making God not only the greatest being, but yet the gr eatest conceivable being.Based on Anselms definition he makes the argument that for a being that exists both in understanding and in reality, which would be greater than a being existing in understanding alone. Therefore, as Anselm stated even a fool is confident(p) that something exists in the understanding, at least, than which nothing greater can be conceived.

Overview of the 60`s :: The Sixties American History Essays

Overview of the 60smissing works citedMany social changes that were addressed in the 1960s atomic number 18 still theissues being confronted today. the 60s was a decade of social andpolitical upheaval. in spite of all the turmoil, there were some positiveresults the civil rights revolution, john f. Kennedys gossamer vision of anew frontier, and the breathtaking advances in spot, helped bring aboutprogress and prosperity. however, much was negative student and anti-warprotest movements, political assassinations, and ghetto riots excitedAmerican people and resulted in lack of respect for authority and the law.The decade began under the shadow of the cold war with the sovietunion, which was aggravated by the u-2 incident, the berlin wall, and thecuban projectile crisis, along with the space race with the ussr.The decade ended under the shadow of the viet nam war, whichdeeply divided americans and their allies and damaged the countrys self-confidence and sense of purpose.Even if you w erent lively during the 60s, you know what theymeant when they said, tune in, turn on, drop out. you know why thenation celebrates Martin luther king, jr.s birthday. all of the socialissues are reflected in todays society the civil rights movement, thestudent movement, space exploration, the sexual revolution, theenvironment, medicine and health, and fun and fashion.The Civil Rights MovementThe momentum of the previous decades civil rights gains led byrev. Martin luther king, jr. carried over into the 1960s. only when for mostblacks, the tactual results were minimal. only a minuscule percentage ofblack children actually attended integrated schools, and in the south,jim crow practices barred blacks from jobs and public places. Newgroups and goals were formed, new evasive action devised, to push forward forfull equality. as often as not, white resistance resulted in violence.this violence spilled across tv screens nationwide. the average, neutralamerican, after visual perception h is/her tv screen, turned into a civil rightssupporter.Black unity and white support continued to grow. in 1962, with thefirst large-scale public protest against racial discrimination, rev.Martin luther king, jr. Gave a dramatic and inspirational speech inwashington, d.c. After a long march of thousands to the capital. thepossibility of riot and bloodshed was always there, but the marchers tookthat chance so that they could accept the responsibilities of first classcitizens. the negro, King said in this speech, lives on a lonely islandof poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity and findshimself an exile in his own land. King continued stolidly it would be

Essay --

City of perfection we would all think of a holy seat to be in but on the controversy it wasnt the safest place to be in. But in the end one learns more courage to live than to kill himself. Albert Camus Many young kids do not have a house to run to, a mother to cuddle with, a cause to set things straight siblings to get love from. Reality getting involved in violence can make you but in the end conk out you. Power with violence can make you stronger five you more power but break you in a blink of an eye. Brutality of life is revealed in Rios slums in this Brazilian film. A powerful film that views violence, lack of education, lack of money in 3rd world countries People create a civilise society individuals make it the norm however there are those ignorant people that just destruct everything and make it a disaster. It is part of a valet balance to have good and evil. According to Urban Cinefile Critics, A powerful and haunting film that explores the myriad of stories that li e deep within the slums of Rio, City Of God shocks, enlightens and above all affects us by taking us into a world where drugs and organized crime are a path of life. But in this film it shows that everyone choses their own paths to walk by for instances if it wasnt for the harsh and brutality in that city Rocket, who is intelligent, cannot survive to do the work that his intelligence entitles him to do. Take pictures be in the photography industry and have his work published. Intelligence can be made in everyone that chooses to succeed in life the right way however a charter named Lil Z in this movie shows us otherwise. Stupidity, lack of knowledge (thinking he is famous be in the newspaper) not being able to read at his age is just sad. Thinking he is God of... ...see karma in the ending where Lil Z returns to the city looking for the children for help id discover these children turn on hi and kill him Rocket captures the whole scenery which made him famous having one person on the inside and living other life where that shot he took landed on the front page of the newspaper. Neighborhoods do have an impact on a childs behavior as well(p) as the way they vision themselves growing up. A childs background in life matters no matter what. Where a child has grown up the realm history remains the same until someone changes the perspective of the scenery the children grew up in as well as the violence that was always surrounded them. They need a better role model because in the end history bounded to repeat itself having now kids under the age of 15 walking just about thinking they run the place till history repeats itself again.

Thailand Essay -- Information History Culture Customs Papers

Thailand The topic that I will be discussing is Thai culture. In this, it will include areas that influence this culture. First, I will overstep you the geographical information of the country of Thailand. The second area that I will look at will be language. Language is an extremely important furcate of culture and some say that one cannot be found without the other. After that I will inform you about customs, traditions and taboos in Thai culture. This is a really important part of culture and is what shows the differences between cultures. Then I briefly tell you about the government and some case symbols, such as the flag, the symbol, colors, anthem, dress, and national day. Next, I will explain about religion in Thailand. In most cultures there is religion, but in Thailand it is interwoven into its whole culture and it is problematical to separate the two. One other thing that I will include in this paper is a link to a page with pictures from my trip to Thailand. fie ld of study Standards for Geography I believe that I applied six out of the eighteen National Standards to this paper. The first two streamers were under a section called seek the World in Spatial Terms. When you look under this, the first I used was knows and understands how to use maps, globes and other graphical tools to acquire, process and report information. The second standard was Uses mental maps to give spatial perspective to the world. Then the second section is called Places and Region. at a lower place this section it says Knows and understands the physical and human characteristics of places. The next section is called physical systems and I used only one standard in this one. This standard says that one Knows and understands that physical pro... ...c.th/thai/thai.html (9 Apr 1999) 5. Ronnakiat, Nantana. The Thai Writing System. Apr 5, 1997 http//thaiarc.tu.ac.th/thaiwrt.html (9 Apr 1999) 6. National Identity Office Under the Prime Minister, Royal Thai Go vernment. Thailand at a Glance. 28 February 1997 http//www.mahidol.ac.th/thailand/glance-thai/thailand.html (11 Apr 1999) 7. Tourism Authority of Thailand. Environment encounter to the Land of Smiles. 1997. http//www.tat.or.th/about/index.html (9 Apr 1999) 8. Tourism Authority of Thailand. Religion. Welcome to the Land of Smiles. 1997. http//www.tat.or.th/about/religion.html (9 Apr 1999) 9. Vongvipanond, Peansiri. Linguistic Perspectives of Thai Culture. Thai Culture in Language. 11/11/98 http//thaiarc.tu.ac.th/thai/peasiri.thml (9 Apr 1999) to Lesson Plans and Research Papers 1999

Georgia OKeefe (includes annotated bibliography) Essay -- art, America

gallium OKeefe (word count includes an nonated bibliography) gallium OKeefe is a not able American painter who multi-color beautiful flowers and landscapes. only when she painted these images in such a way that umteen people believed she was portraying sexual imagery. OKeefes depictions of flowers in unappeasable frontality and enlarged to giant scale were entirely original in character . . . the view into the open blossoms evoked an image of the distaff psyche and invited erotic associations. (Joachimides 47) OKeefe denies these allegations and scans that she magnified the scale of the flower only to ensure people would notice them. (Haskell 203) OKeefes artwork was misinterpreted because of cultural prejudice, her non-traditional life modality, and sexual practice bias art reprehension. But despite these accusations, tabun OKeefes artwork was not based on sexuality.OKeefe was born on November 15, 1887 in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. Her parents were dairy farmers and througho ut her childhood she lived on her familys farm. Georgia had a rough childhood growing up on the farm. Her drive did not especially like her and when she was not busy ignoring her, she treated her very badly. Although her mother disliked her, Georgias father loved her unconditionally and gave her the love her mother deprived her of. But he also molested her, a tramatizing drawback that would follow her for the rest of her life. Although she knew what her father was doing was wrong, she refused to admit this to herself because he was the only loved one she truly had. So, when Georgias father left, she was despondent (Hogrefe 14). The abandonment she must have felt when he left the family had repercussions for the rest of her life as she refused to get close to m all of her antheral companions . . .her closest male friends were homosexual . . . and she spurned men who sought sexual intimacy with her. (15) After her father left, Georgia was sent to live with her aunty who punished her frequently by secluding her in her room and often by slapping Georgia in the face. When she was a teenager she was sent to an all girls boarding school. This is where she was finally able to receive art classes and build on her talent. Georgias mother did not allow her to be cultured, because it was forever trap in the ways of the new-fangled 1800s and if you were a lady, it was not worth it (17).Georgia OKeefe was brought ... ...o capture the true essence of a flower you demand to be able to entrance it up close for a more personal, intimate effect. To examine something as simple as a flower up close, you only then incarnate the extreme complexity that makes such an inconsequential thing so beautiful.Robinson, Roxana. Georgia OKeeffe A Life. New York Harper & wrangling Publishers, 1989.This book goes through Georgias life in detail. I found a lot of personal quotes in this book that Georgia utter about her work and the criticism it received that really caught my eye. She was very opinionated about her art, but at the same time, she could care less about what any art critic had to say about it. Art critics at the time of her careers peak were predominantly male and this book expresses the fact that male chauvinism was a grand impact on the criticism of her work. This book also goes into the impression her constant change in her surroundings had on her work. Georgia her constant change in her surroundings had on her work. Georgia lived in several different parts of America, Wisconsin, New Mexico, Arizona, California, New York, etc. and with each move, her style change and reflected this new place. Georgia OKeefe (includes annotated bibliography) Essay -- art, AmericaGeorgia OKeefe (word count includes annotated bibliography)Georgia OKeefe is a famous American painter who painted beautiful flowers and landscapes. But she painted these images in such a way that many people believed she was portraying sexual imagery. OKeefes depictions of flowers in strict frontality and enlarged to giant scale were entirely original in character . . . the view into the open blossoms evoked an image of the female psyche and invited erotic associations. (Joachimides 47) OKeefe denies these allegations and says that she magnified the scale of the flower only to ensure people would notice them. (Haskell 203) OKeefes artwork was misinterpreted because of cultural prejudice, her non-traditional lifestyle, and gender bias art criticism. But despite these accusations, Georgia OKeefes artwork was not based on sexuality.OKeefe was born on November 15, 1887 in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. Her parents were dairy farmers and throughout her childhood she lived on her familys farm. Georgia had a rough childhood growing up on the farm. Her mother did not especially like her and when she was not busy ignoring her, she treated her very badly. Although her mother disliked her, Georgias father loved her unconditionally and gave her the love her mother de prived her of. But he also molested her, a tramatizing drawback that would follow her for the rest of her life. Although she knew what her father was doing was wrong, she refused to admit this to herself because he was the only loved one she truly had. So, when Georgias father left, she was heartbroken (Hogrefe 14). The abandonment she must have felt when he left the family had repercussions for the rest of her life as she refused to get close to many of her male companions . . .her closest male friends were homosexual . . . and she spurned men who sought sexual intimacy with her. (15) After her father left, Georgia was sent to live with her aunt who punished her frequently by secluding her in her room and often by slapping Georgia in the face. When she was a teenager she was sent to an all girls boarding school. This is where she was finally able to receive art classes and build on her talent. Georgias mother did not allow her to be cultured, because it was forever trapped in the w ays of the late 1800s and if you were a lady, it was not worth it (17).Georgia OKeefe was brought ... ...o capture the true essence of a flower you needed to be able to see it up close for a more personal, intimate effect. To examine something as simple as a flower up close, you only then realize the extreme complexity that makes such an inconsequential thing so beautiful.Robinson, Roxana. Georgia OKeeffe A Life. New York Harper & Row Publishers, 1989.This book goes through Georgias life in detail. I found a lot of personal quotes in this book that Georgia said about her work and the criticism it received that really caught my eye. She was very opinionated about her art, but at the same time, she could care less about what any art critic had to say about it. Art critics at the time of her careers peak were predominantly male and this book expresses the fact that male chauvinism was a huge impact on the criticism of her work. This book also goes into the impression her constant chan ge in her surroundings had on her work. Georgia her constant change in her surroundings had on her work. Georgia lived in several different parts of America, Wisconsin, New Mexico, Arizona, California, New York, etc. and with each move, her style change and reflected this new place.

Georgia OKeefe (includes annotated bibliography) Essay -- art, America

gallium OKeefe (word count includes annotated bibliography)Georgia OKeefe is a famous American cougar who painted beautiful flowers and landscapes. however she painted these images in such a way that many people believed she was portraying sexual imagery. OKeefes depictions of flowers in strict frontality and enlarged to fiend ordered series were entirely original in character . . . the view into the open blossoms evoked an image of the female psyche and invited tingling associations. (Joachimides 47) OKeefe denies these allegations and says that she magnified the scale of the flower only to ensure people would notice them. (Haskell 203) OKeefes maneuver rifle was misinterpreted because of cultural prejudice, her non-traditional mannersstyle, and gender bias artistic production dilettanteism. only when despite these accusations, Georgia OKeefes artwork was not based on sexuality.OKeefe was born on November 15, 1887 in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. Her parents were dairy farmers a nd through with(predicate)out her childhood she lived on her familys farm. Georgia had a rough childhood growing up on the farm. Her mother did not especially identical her and when she was not busy ignoring her, she hard-boiled her very badly. Although her mother disliked her, Georgias get loved her unconditionally and gave her the love her mother deprived her of. But he also molested her, a tramatizing drawback that would follow her for the rest of her life. Although she k brand-new what her father was doing was wrong, she refused to admit this to herself because he was the only loved one she truly had. So, when Georgias father left, she was heartbroken (Hogrefe 14). The abandonment she mustiness have felt when he left the family had repercussions for the rest of her life as she refused to get finishing to many of her male companions . . .her side by side(predicate) male friends were homosexual . . . and she spurned men who sought sexual intimacy with her. (15) After her f ather left, Georgia was sent to live with her aunt who punished her often by secluding her in her live and often by slapping Georgia in the face. When she was a teenager she was sent to an all girls boarding school. This is where she was finally adapted to receive art classes and build on her talent. Georgias mother did not allow her to be cultured, because it was forever trapped in the ways of the late 1800s and if you were a lady, it was not worth it (17).Georgia OKeefe was brought ... ...o capture the true essence of a flower you needed to be able to see it up close for a more personal, intimate effect. To examine something as simple as a flower up close, you only whence realize the extreme complexity that makes such an inconsequential thing so beautiful.Robinson, Roxana. Georgia OKeeffe A Life. New York Harper & Row Publishers, 1989.This book goes through Georgias life in detail. I found a lot of personal quotes in this book that Georgia said about her work and the criti cism it received that rattling caught my eye. She was very opinionated about her art, but at the same time, she could care less about what any art critic had to say about it. subterfuge critics at the time of her careers peak were predominantly male and this book expresses the fact that male chauvinism was a huge impact on the criticism of her work. This book also goes into the impression her constant modification in her surroundings had on her work. Georgia her constant change in her surroundings had on her work. Georgia lived in several different parts of America, Wisconsin, New Mexico, Arizona, California, New York, etc. and with each move, her style change and reflected this new place. Georgia OKeefe (includes annotated bibliography) Essay -- art, AmericaGeorgia OKeefe (word count includes annotated bibliography)Georgia OKeefe is a famous American painter who painted beautiful flowers and landscapes. But she painted these images in such a way that many people believed she was portraying sexual imagery. OKeefes depictions of flowers in strict frontality and enlarged to giant scale were entirely original in character . . . the view into the open blossoms evoked an image of the female psyche and invited erotic associations. (Joachimides 47) OKeefe denies these allegations and says that she magnified the scale of the flower only to ensure people would notice them. (Haskell 203) OKeefes artwork was misinterpreted because of cultural prejudice, her non-traditional lifestyle, and gender bias art criticism. But despite these accusations, Georgia OKeefes artwork was not based on sexuality.OKeefe was born on November 15, 1887 in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. Her parents were dairy farmers and throughout her childhood she lived on her familys farm. Georgia had a rough childhood growing up on the farm. Her mother did not especially like her and when she was not busy ignoring her, she treated her very badly. Although her mother disliked her, Georgias fathe r loved her unconditionally and gave her the love her mother deprived her of. But he also molested her, a tramatizing drawback that would follow her for the rest of her life. Although she knew what her father was doing was wrong, she refused to admit this to herself because he was the only loved one she truly had. So, when Georgias father left, she was heartbroken (Hogrefe 14). The abandonment she must have felt when he left the family had repercussions for the rest of her life as she refused to get close to many of her male companions . . .her closest male friends were homosexual . . . and she spurned men who sought sexual intimacy with her. (15) After her father left, Georgia was sent to live with her aunt who punished her frequently by secluding her in her room and often by slapping Georgia in the face. When she was a teenager she was sent to an all girls boarding school. This is where she was finally able to receive art classes and build on her talent. Georgias mother did not al low her to be cultured, because it was forever trapped in the ways of the late 1800s and if you were a lady, it was not worth it (17).Georgia OKeefe was brought ... ...o capture the true essence of a flower you needed to be able to see it up close for a more personal, intimate effect. To examine something as simple as a flower up close, you only then realize the extreme complexity that makes such an inconsequential thing so beautiful.Robinson, Roxana. Georgia OKeeffe A Life. New York Harper & Row Publishers, 1989.This book goes through Georgias life in detail. I found a lot of personal quotes in this book that Georgia said about her work and the criticism it received that really caught my eye. She was very opinionated about her art, but at the same time, she could care less about what any art critic had to say about it. Art critics at the time of her careers peak were predominantly male and this book expresses the fact that male chauvinism was a huge impact on the criticism of her work. This book also goes into the impression her constant change in her surroundings had on her work. Georgia her constant change in her surroundings had on her work. Georgia lived in several different parts of America, Wisconsin, New Mexico, Arizona, California, New York, etc. and with each move, her style change and reflected this new place.

Evaluation sheet of key research studies Essay

I decided not to revise anything for the turn up part of the exam paper. This was because I felt that I had through with(p) enough research for my specialist modules and would be able to recall it when needed. In the weeks leading up to the exam I spent about 30 proceeding a day going over various chapters in my study skills folder, and if there was a particular item I had trouble with I would b some other a note of it and go over it again the next day. Finding time at home to revise was a bit of a line of work and I found that the best time was in the evening when the children had gone to bed.This meant that I was sometimes quite tired when I tried to revise and senseless some sessions simply because I could not absorb any information. In future I may choose to do my revision somewhere other that at home, for example, the library. This means I will be away from the distractions of children and phone calls. I will also give my friends and family a copy of my revision time-table so that they know not to bother me. I felt that we were given enough information ahead the exam to know what to expect though I would gather in liked to have seen a copy of an old paper and perhaps given the opportunity to have a go at completing one.When we were allowed to search at our paper I read it through once before answering any questions. Once I had done this I first answered the questions I did not need to think about too much before going on to the others, and if there were any I did not know consequently I left them blank. I then went onto the essay question and decided which to do, though I found making a choice difficult as I did not know how I would get on once I had started. Once I got started on the essay I realised the geological fault I had made by not revising my specialist modules. I wanted to be able to include examples, statistics or case studies in my essay by could not remember any.Once I had completed the essay I went back to the questions and any that I did not know the answer to I guessed. I then proof read the whole paper and corrected some errors which I had missed. If I could have done thing differently I would have planned my revision better to avoid distractions. I found that spending 30 minutes a day trying to revise opus cooking dinner and running around after the children does not work. Before the exam I was not nervous but I think this was to do with the fact I did not have time to think about it too much. I also think that I did not take it as seriously as I should have and therefore did not revise enough.While waiting outside the exam hall I seemed to catch nerves from other people but cannot see any way to avoid this. During the exam I was more nervous than I expected and was really kindle of how quickly the time was passing. I wanted to work out how much time I could spend on each section, but this seemed to make me touch worse as I could not remember how many points would be awarded for each. After the exam I felt a bit disappointed as I feel my lack of revision meant I could not do my best. Dealing with distort during my revision sometimes helped.It made feel more awake sometimes, though this was often short lived and I usually ended up feeling worn out. Stress often meant I could not concentrate in good order and I would try to do too much in one session. In future I will try to avoid the negative affects of stress by victorious regular breaks, planning my revision better, finding a better location for my revision, not revising when I am tired and taking revision more seriously. I also think that revision is something that should be a continuous process not only used just before an exam. Reviewing work monthly or termly is something that I will try in the future.

Computer Networks Essay

I. Internet and beded protocol architecture Q1. (5 points) In the worked protocol architecture the transport layer functionality includes congestion work and error convalescence (e.g., retransmission). One suggested that this functionality should be done strictly at the end points (i.e., at the hosts) without aid from the meshing. Do you agree? Why? Elaborate display the design trade-offs. execute (5 points) In general, error recovery (e.g., re-transmission) is limited to application needs. Some applications require 100% packet recovery, even with withstands and heebie-jeebies (such as TCP-based applications, http, transfer and telnet traffic). Other applications may be tolerant to loss but less tolerant to delays and jitter, such as voice applications. Re-transmissions and packet recovery add to the jitters and the delays and hence may not be desirable for realtime or voice applications. Hence it is not a good idea, in general, to include error recovery at the interloc k layer (that is not aw ar of application needs) and it is better to implement such functionality at the transport layer end-to-end.In cases of lossy conduct in the network (such as X.25 in the early networking days, or radio relates) it may be desirable to reduce the bit error place on those links by including error recovery at the end points of those links. In general, most links nowadays have very low BER, and for wireless links the mack (such as IEEE 802.11) layer provides Acked delivery. For congestion control, a similar argument may be given. That is, congestion reaction may be application specific and is better implemented end-to-end. Congestion poster, on the opposite hand, may provide aimful information to the end points to react appropriately. Since losses in the network may be due to congestion or other factors, a signal from the network to the end point may help distinguish congestion errors from other errors.Only congestion errors should trigger back off or rat e cut at the end points. So, network assistance in congestion notification may help in about scenarios. extra In other scenarios network assistance may prevent synchronization effects of congestion control, e.g., RED, or may prevent/isolate misbehavior, e.g., WFQ.. Q2. (5 points) What advantage does a circuit-switched network have over a packetswitched network? How bed it establish such advantage? Answer A circuit-switched network can guarantee a certain amount of end-to-end bandwidth for the duration of a call. Most packet-switched networks today (including the Internet) cannot make any end-to-end guarantees for bandwidth. Circuit-switched networks use admission control, and reserve a circuit (in TDM it is done in the form of an assigned time slot per source that no other source can use). The allocated resources are never exceeded.Q3. (10 points) What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a layered protocol architecture for the Internet? (mention at least 3 advantages an d 2 disadvantages) Answer Is it true that the convert in any of the layers does not be active the other layers? (support your answer/arguments with examples) Advantages Allows an explicit structure to identify relationships between mixed pieces of the complex Internet structure, by providing a reference model for discussion. Provides a modular design that facilitates maintenance, updating/upgrading of protocols and implementations (by various vendors) at the various layers of the stack. Supports a flexible framework for future advances and inventions (such as restless or sensor networks). Disadvantages bash of headers, redundancy of functions (sometimes not needed) such as reliability as the transport layer and the link layer, or routing at the network layer and some link layer protocols (such as ATM)It is true in many cases that the change in one layer does not affect the change in the other layers, but not al rooms. Examples of change that did not affect the other layers chan ge from FDDI to token ring, to Ethernet at the MAC layer. Examples of change that affected other layers wireless vs. wired ( cognitive process of TCP and routing degraded drastically). Introduction of 802.11 for wireless and ad hoc networks (a change in the physical and MAC layers), does affect in a major way routing at the network layer and the transport layers. In that case, many of the protocols needed re-design. Q4. (10 total points) Design parameters In order to be able to analyze performance of the Internet protocols a re awaiter needs to model some parameters, such as number of nodes in the network, in addition to many other parameters.a. cover 4 different main parameters one would need to model in order to evaluate the performance of Internet protocols. Elaborate on the definition of these parameters and their dynamics b. Discuss 2 more parameters for mobile wireless networks these two parameters are not needed for the wired Internet Answer a. Traffic model temporal and spa tial (packet reaching processes, academic term/flow arrival processes, spatial distribution of traffic (src-dst) pair distribution across the topology), topology/connectivity model, node failure model, membership dynamics (for multicast) spatio-temporal models. Any reasonable 4 parameters are ok, with 1.5 points per parameterb. For mobile wireless networks there is a need to model mobility (spatio-temporal), and wireless channel dynamics/loss/bandwidth since it changes with time much more drastically than the wired Internet (in which virtually the max bandwidth of a channel/link is static) Any 2 reasonable parameters are ok, with 2 points per parameter II. Statistical multiplexing and queuing theory Note You may want to make use of the following equations M/D/1 queuing delay Ts is service time & is link utilizationM/D/1 average queue up length or pilot film occupancy M/M/1 queuing delay , yield occupancyQ5. (8 points) Consider two queuing administrations, servicing packets with lengths that have exponential distribution, and the packet arrival process is Poisson. The first queuing schema (system I) has a single queue and a single server, and hence the packet arrival rate is X, and the server speed is Y. The second queuing system (system II) has two queues and two servers, and hence the packet arrival rate is X/2, and the server speed is Y/2. Derive a relation between the delays in each of these systems. What conclusion can you make? Answer (8 points) We use the M/M/1 queue (because the question states Poisson arrival and exponentially distributed service time). For the first system (I) Tq=Ts/(1-)=1/M(1-/M)=1/Y(1-X/Y), For the second system (II) Tq=2/Y(1-X/Y)=2Tq (of system I) That is, using 1 queuing system performs better than using 2 queues with half of the arrival rate and half of the output link cogency.Q6. (5 points) In an Internet experiment it was noted that the queuing performance of the switches/routers was worsened than expected. One desig ner suggested increasing the buffer size in the routers drastically to withstand any realizable burst of data. solicit for or against this suggestion, and justify your position. A6. increase the buffer size allows switches to store more packets (which may reduce loss). However, it does not alleviate the congestion. If this was the only cure proposed, then we expect the queues to get along up, increasing the buffer occupancy, and increasing the delays. If the build up persists (due to lack of congestion control for example) the queues shall incur losses and extended delays. Delays may lead re-transmission timers to expire (for reliable protocols, such as TCP) leaders to re-transmissions. Also, the TTL value in the header of each packet is reduced based on time (and hop count). So, many of the TTLs may expire leading to the discard of packets. So, in general, only increasing thebuffer sizes does not help improve the queuing performance. Q7. (7 points) Describe the network design t rade-off introduced by using statistical multiplexing and define and describe a mensurable that captures this trade-off. A7. (7 points 3.5 for the link between stat muxing and congestion and 3.5 for the trade off metric (network power) and its description). Statistical multiplexing allows the network to admit flows with aggregate electrical condenser exceeding the network capacity (even if momentarily). This leads to the need for buffering and the store and forward model. Subsequently, queuing delays and build up may be experienced as the load on the network is increased. Two major design goals of the network is to provide maximum throughput (or goodput) with least (or min) delay.However, these two goals are conflicting. In order to increase the throughput, the congestion increases and so does the delay. In order to reduce the queuing delays then we need to reduce the load on the network and hence the goodput of the flows would decrease. This is the throughput-delay trade off in n etwork design. One metric that captures both measures is the network power=Tput/Delay, as the Tput increases, so does the network power, and when the delay decreases the network power increases. Q8. (8 points) Flows in the Internet vary widely in their characteristics. soulfulness suggested that in order to be fair to the various heterogeneous flows then we need the different flows to experience the same delay at the different queues. Argue for or against this suggestion. A8. (8 points 4 points for the constant ratio and the link to the fluid flow model, 4 points for the unfairnes/greed description)In order to provide the same delay for the various flows we need to maintain the rate/capacity ratio constant (this is based on the fluid flow model we introduced in class). Hence, if the different flows arrive at various rates, then the capacity allocation should reflect such variation. The allocation leading to same delays would favor (i.e., allocate more capacity to) flows with higher rates at the expense of flows with low rates. This strategy encourages greed in the network and cannot achieve fairness, where the existence of high rate (large) flows in the network would adversely affect low rate (small) flows in the network by increasing the overall delay experienced by all the flows. Q9. (12 total points)Consider a network that uses statistical multiplexing. The network has N number of ON/OFF sources, each sending at a rate of R packets per second when ON. All the sources are multiplexed through a single output link. The capacity of the output link is M. A. (3 points) What is the condition on N, R and M in order to arouse this network? When the number of sources to be supported is increased from R to 10R, there were two suggestions to modify the networkSuggestion I is to replicate the above system 10 times. That is, create 10 links, each with capacity of M handling R sources. Suggestion II is to replace the link with another link of capacity 10 M B. (9 poin ts) Which suggestion do you support and why? Argue giving expressions for the delay/buffer performance of each system. Give both the advantages and disadvantages of each case Answer = A. (3 points) The conditions for a stable network are N.R. M, N.R M, where is the fraction of the time the sources are ON (on average) If N.R. M, then this leads to constant build up of the queue with no change of recovering from congestion (and draining the queue), which would lead to unstable system. B. (9 points) Write down the equations, M/D/1 queuing delay Ts is service time & is link utilizationM/D/1 average queue length or buffer occupancy M/M/1 queuing delay , buffer occupancyThe buffer occupancy depends on only. If is the same (i.e., the load on the queue server is the same) then the buffer occupancy is the same, = . Ts = . N. R / M change magnitude the bandwidth of the link to 10M means that we can get the same average buffer occupancy in the two systems. In system I we would need 10 times the buffer size as in system II, so system II is advantageous in that sense. (more sharing and statistical multiplexing) In addition, the queuing delay will be decreased drastically (by a factor of 10) where Tq=Ts. f() (6 points for the above argument) (3 points) On the other hand the std deviation/fluctuation around the average in the queue size will be higher since it is shared by more number of flows, and hence the jitter will be relatively higher.III. Application layer and related issues Q10. (5 points) (Stateful vs. Stateless) Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of having a stateful protocol for applications. Advantage The protocol can now maintain state nigh (i.e., remembers) users preferences (e.g., shopping preferences as in browser cookies), Disadvantage when failure occurs the state needs to be reconciled (more complexity and crash than stateless) other correct and reasonable answers are accepted Q11. (5 point) (Web Caching) Describe how Web caching can reduce the delay in receiving a requested inclination. Will Web caching reduce the delay for all objects requested by a user or for only some of the objects? Why? Ans. Web caching can bring the desired content closer to the user, perhaps to the same local area network to which the users host is connected. Web caching can reduce the delay for all objects, even objects that are not cached, since caching reduces the traffic on links. Q12. (10 points)Discuss iii different architectures of the peer-to-peer applications. Give examples of real applications for each architecture and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each architecture. Ans. 1. Centralized directory of resources/files, as in Napster. Advantage is that search for resources is simple with min overhead (just ask the centralized server). The disadvantages are single point of failure, performance bottleneck and target of lawsuit. 2. Fully distributed, non-centralized architecture, as in Gnutella, where all peers and ed ges form a right away overlay (without hierarchy). Advantages robustness to failure, no performance bottleneck and no target for lawsuit.Disadvantages is that search is more involved and incurs high overhead with query flooding. 3. Hierarchical overlay, with some nodes acting as super nodes (or cluster heads), or nodes forming loose neighborhoods (sometimes referred to as loose hierarchy, as in BitTorrent). Advantages, robust (no single point of failure), avoids flooding to search for resources during queries. Disadvantages, needs to keep track of at least some nodes using the Tracker server. In general, this architecture attempts to combine the best of the 2 other architectures.Q13. (7.5 points) Push vs. drag A. Give examples of a beseech protocol and a pull up protocolB. Mention three factors one should consider when designing pull/push protocols, discuss how these factors would affect your decision as a protocol designer (give example scenarios to illustrate). Answer A. An ex ample of a push protocol is http. An example of a pull protocol SMTP B. The factors affecting the performance of a pull/push protocol include (but are not limited to) 1. access pattern how often is this object cached and how often is it accessed (example a push mechanism for a very popular video that is pushed closer to a large population that is going to frequently postdate it, would be better than a pull mechanism), 2. delay what is the delay to obtain the object, and 3. object dynamics how often/soon does the information in the object expires (example in a sensor network where the information sensed is constantly changing, but is queried once in a while would be better not to push it, but to pull it when needed only).Q14. (7.5 points) We refer to the problem of getting users to know about each other, whether it is peers in a p2p network or senders and receivers in a multicast group, as the rendezvous problem. What are possible solutions to solve the rendezvous problem in p2p net works (discuss three different alternatives and compare/contrast them. Answer The possible solutions for the rendezvous problem include 1. Using a centralized server advantages simple to search, little communication overhead. Disadvantages single-point-of-failure (not robust), bottleneck, doesnt scale well 2. Using a search technique for discovery, perhaps using a variant of a flood (or scoped-flood) or expanding-ring search mechanism. Advantages avoids single-point-of-failure and bottlenecks.Disadvantages may be complex, incurs high communication overhead and may incur delays during the search. 3. hybrid (or hierarchy) where some information (e.g., pointers to potential bootstrap neighbors, or pointers to some resources) are kept at a centralized (or replicated) server or super-nodes, then the actual communication is peer-topeer. Advantage if designed carefully can avoid single-point-of-failure, bottlenecks, and achieve reasonable overhead and delay. Disadvantage need to build and maintain the hierarchy (can trigger costly re-configuration control overhead in case of highly dynamic networks and unstable super-nodes).

How the Food We Eat Reflects our Culture and Identity Essay

Ntozake Shange in her set about, What Is It We Really Harvestin Here? had taught her readers a very important lesson that is very merry in understanding angiotensin-converting enzymes culture and ones family. It is the simple truth that pabulum is more than food. It was clearly communicated in Ntozake Shanges essay that food is not just an arbitrary or random thing that arises from ones culture or family. Rather, the local food of ones culture and family is a reflection of his or her environment and his focusing of living. The food that we eat is a mirror to what the nature provided to us outside of our houses.At the kindred time, food is in like manner the mirror of our own creativity and taste. Whether we prefer saintlikeness over spiciness, such preferences appear and manifest on how we prep are and how we cook our foods. Summing it up, food is a very important element that we must take a look (and taste) to have a good grasp or understanding of ones culture or ones family . The essay What Is It We Really Harvestin Here? can be regarded as a very important and remarkable piece of literature in proving the significance of food in understanding ones culture.In the essay of Shange, she told the story of numerous local delicacies that will convince us to the point that we are establishing. Take for example the Shanges example of cherubic potatoes. In the essay, she made a very good way of instructing his readers on how to generate quality sweet potatoes. Growing sweet potatoes require much dedication, patience and knowledge. As seen in Shanges instruction on how to grow a sweet potato, it was seen clearly how one must work hard to be able to produce a good quality potato.In fact, as stated in the essay, one must Get your soil ready at least two weeks before planting. . . (Shange 111) The entire procedure is difficult. As stated again, The easiest thing to do with a sweet potato is to bake it (112). These lines clearly showed that ripening sweet potato es is a tough job. This difficult method of maturation such crops mirrors the characters of the tidy sum or group of people who happened to eat those crops. As growing a potato requires dedication and patience, we can also argue that the people that grow this crops are dedicated and patient.This is our first way of proving the point that we established above that food is viable factor to see in understanding ones culture or ones family. Another notable proof of the relationship of food and culture is the case of the Carolina Rice. As discussed in Shanges essay, rice, more particularly the Carolina rice reached a great(p) demand in the 1700s. Because of this, the slaves who came from West Africa are priced better than their other counter parts. This is because of a more complex knowledge and skill that is required in growing rice. The slaves who grew from rice countries are priced better.As stated in the essay, Plantation owners were perfectly aware of the superiority of African slaves from rice country (114). Despite the complexity of growing rice, its cooking is much simpler than its cultivation. Again, this can be related to the simplicity of the lives of the people who adapt this kind of food. Rather than undergoing some complex process of cooking, rice are just simply boiled in water (116). Once again, this showed how rice that is very complicated to grow yet very simple to cook mirror its African cultivators who have a rich culture and tradition, yet living a simple life.The way we cook our own food tells a hole on our preferences and fondness. In the essay, it was written in the later part of it that North Americans does not prefer burnt rice at the bottom of the casserole. In fact, they reign it scary. However for the people other people, rice, at least the bottom of it are preferred to be burnt. This burning made possible the cooking of very modify rice (116). In my opinion, these burnt rice preferences of the colored people remind them the colo red of their skins.Sidestepping a bit from the literature to my own experience, being Hispanic also mirrored on my food tastes. My taste for a good food is determined by my background as someone who has a Hispanic descent. culmination from this particular background, I prefer foods that possess a great deal of flavor and variety. As common to all Hispanics, we prefer rice meals, chilies, spices and tomatoes. This in find to our cultivation of these crops and fruits in the earlier times and of course to our rich ethnic and historical past.Shange had successfully proved to us the important relationship of food and our cultural and familial identity. As we said in the beginning of this essay, food is not a random and arbitrary thing that just popped in our households. Rather, food is fruit of our experiences, our appeals, our desires that were smoothened by time. What we grow is who we are. What we buy is who we are. What we eat is who we are. Food is truly a mirror to our cultures and most importantly, a reflection of our humanity. Works Cited Shange, Ntozake. What Is It We Really Harvestin Here. p. 109-117

Illegal and Prescription Drug Abuse; How Do We Prevent It? Essay

Drug abuse is a psychological or physical dependency with a learning ability altering substance1. There is continued do drugs use even though a person grapples that the drug causes harm. Physical dependency is the result of the body structure up a tolerance to the drug and needing to increase its dot to be possessed of the effect desired and to prevent symptoms of withdrawal. Psychological dependence has approximatelything to do with the mental and turned on(p) make up of the person some people may also have a genetically linked tendency to addiction. Early signs and symptoms of drug addiction involve building up of tolerance to the present dosage.Late signs of drug overuse may show mood swings and irritability, and physical symptoms like craving. Having the right association ab bulge drug abuse can help people prevent addiction. The three fictional characters of widely abused prescription drugs be CNS depressants, CNS stimulants, and somnific analgesics. CNS depressants l ike barbiturates, methaqualone and benzodiazepines can slow down the normal functioning of the brain and can cause uncoordination. CNS stimulants like nicotine, amphetamine, cocaine and caffeine on the other hand enhance the brains activity to increase energy and alertness.This may cause an increased heart rate and tune pressure. Narcotic analgesics like opiates (eg. Morphin and Demerol) are used for pain. On the year 2006, the abuse of painkillers ranked 2nd, while marijuana is the first, as the communitys most common illicit drug problem2. Most drugs being prescribed by doctors are opiate based and therefore can be very addictive. One drug called Oxycontin is a pain reliever that has a strong opiate base and causes people to be addicted to it. Other specific drugs that are widely abused are Heroin, go Cocaine and Marijuana.Normal college students have been noted to use drugs that are for patients with disorders. Many students take Adderall, a drug for individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), which helps heighten their minginess for studying for an examination3. This imposes danger to many students using this and has caused death in about 5 people per 1 million individuals taking it. Even though some drugs can be addictive, there are drugs that can substitute for them 4. Dexamphetamine is shown to help with CNS stimulant addiction 5 and clomethiazole can help in managing alcohol addiction 6.For cocaine addiction, desipramine and bromocriptine is effective 7. A psychoactive drug that can interrupt addictive rersponses for nicotine, cocaine, SSRI, and heroin addicts thats being studied is Ibogaine 8. There are many studied physiologic mechanisms involved in drug addiction. Acute use of a certain drug can release and prolong serotonin and dopamines action in the compensate circuit. Almost all addictive drugs increase the reward circuit or mesolimbic pathways dopamine release which in turn activates the feeling of pleasure 9. The mor e one engages in a pleasurable act, the more one wants to repeat it.To add to the reward circuit, it is also studied that stress mechanisms may have a function in promoting the sequence of acquiring addiction. -opioid receptor ashes, is acted on by enkephalin and influences the reward system 10. A behavioral operant conditioning is also showed in addicts, being able to link a behavior or an action to seek the reward, which is the drugs effect 11. One enters into a fresh allostatic state as he progresses into being an addict. A person taking a drug for a long period of time may also develop sensitization and a psychological tolerance to the drug.Taking the same dose doesnt see to have any effect and leaves one feeling dissatisfied and depressed, therefore he turns to the drug for the pleasure with an increased or more than maximum dosage 7. One must know how to recognize a drug addiction to prevent it. This happens when an individual seems to have an inability to withdraw from the drug. The first step is to know the signs and symptoms experienced by an addict. The second step is evaluating the risk of being addicted as various kinds of drugs are further expected to be abused than others.In addition, having a family member with a history of drug addiction may put an individual at a higher risk of abusing medications. Consulting with a medical professional with this issue may lower the chances of becoming addicted. The third step involves religiously sticking to ones prescription, taking only the prescribed marrow at the recommended times. A person must contact his/her doctor if the drug doesnt seem to have any effect. The fourth step is considering the drug type one is taking and the length of time he/she has been using the drug because using a drug for long terms may add to the mishap of being dependent on it.Step five is making a plan that will help one in gradually getting out of his/her prescription. Being prescribed with an addictive drug requires one to slowly reduce its dosage before eliminating it. The sixth step requires one to consult a medical professional once he feels that he may already be drug dependent. This is possible when one is experiencing the early signs and symptoms of addiction. The seventh step is disposing of drugs that arent needed. This can remove the tempting effects of taking the drug. Eighth is contacting a drug abuse discourse center or a doctor for narrow and professional advice and prevention.And lastly, take note of having the late signs of drug abuse. To break the series of constant drug use, individuals that are drug-dependent must build vital changes in their attitudes and life styles. Psychosocial and behavioral treatments are the foundation of services accessible to assist drug abusers to attain and carry on important periods of abstinence. The other illegal use of drugs, peculiarly cocaine, is frequently a main target of behavioral managements. There are current studies for the treatment fo r cocaine and opiate, including tobacco plant smoke abusers.For the treatment of ones who abuse opiates, hot studies have exposed that counseling for drug abuse with procedures of abstinence incentive and psychosocial services access is an active element in its treatment. 90 100% amongst patients in the VA methadone maintenance sample who received incentive procedures and psychosocial services were abstinent from cocaine and heroin for as long as eight weeks merely 30% of individuals who received methadone with no other services were abstinent 12. Management is most important for cocaine abusers.It relies completely on psychosocial and behavioral therapies since there have been no successful medications revealed to date. Relapse prevention therapy however, which teaches abusers to distinguish high-risk situations for the use of drugs and to apply coping techniques, has also revealed assurance for management of cocaine abusers 12. For the treatment of tobacco smokers, studies show that nicotine replacement with gum or patch and behavioral therapy is the most effective. Moreover, smokers who have a history of depression experience a hard time with quitting 12.On the other hand, research efforts in this significant region have remained quite inactive in relation to the speed of studies on molecular and biologic bases of medications development and drug dependence. Bibliography 1. Brittanica Concise Encyclopedia. 2. Pat Moore Foundation. Prescription Drug Abuse As Addictive and Dangerous as Illegal Street Drugs. Get the Facts. orange County, California. 3. Izzo, T. Social functioning and emotional regulation in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 200029 30 42. 4.Johnson RE, Chutuape MA, telephone line EC, Walsh SL, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE. A comparison of levomethadyl acetate, buprenorphine, and methadone for opioid dependence. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000 343 12907. 5. White R. Dexamphetamine su bstitution in the treatment of amphetamine abuse an initial investigation. Addiction. 2000 95 22938. 6. Majumdar SK. Chlormethiazole current status in the treatment of the acute ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1991 27 2017. 7. Giannini,AJ. and Billet, TA. Bromocriptine-desipramine protocol in cocaine detoxification. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987 27549-554.8. Alper KR, Lotsof HS, Kaplan CD. The ibogaine medical subculture. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008cxv 924. 9. Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lance . 2007 369 (9566) 104753. 10. Koob G, Kreek MJ. Stress, dysregulation of drug reward pathways, and the transition to drug dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 164 (8) 114959 11. Jones S, Bonci A. Synaptic plasticity and drug addiction. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2005 5 (1) 205. 12. The College on Problems of Drug Abuse. Behavioral & Psychosocial Treatments for Drug Abuse. 2007.

Estimating Risk and Return

1. Why is evaluate return considered forward-looking? What are the challenges for practitioners to utilize expected return? (Cornett, Adair, and Nofsinger, 2012, p. 246). Expected return is forward-looking in the sense that it represents the return investors expect to receive in the future as compensation for the market jeopardy taken. The challenge is that practitioners cannot precisely know what the future holds and thus what the expected return should be. Thus, we create methods to estimate the expected return. 2. Describe how different allocations between the take a chance-free warrantor and the market portfolio can light upon any level of market risk desired. (Cornett, Adair, and Nofsinger, 2012, p. 246). An investor can allocate money between a unhazardous security that has zippo risk (? =0), and the market portfolio that has market risk (? =1). If 75% of the portfolio is invested in the market, then the portfolio leave have a ? =0. 75. If only 25% is invested in the m arket, then the portfolio will have a market risk of ? =0. 25. The first example (? =0. 75) might be taken by a less risk averse investor duration the second example (? 0. 25) illustrates the portfolio of a more risk averse investor. By allocating the investment money between 0 and 100% into the market portfolio, an investor can achieve any level of market risk desired. 3. Compute the expected return given these three economic states, their likelihoods, and the potential returns Economic StateProbabilityReturn Fast Growth0. 3040% Slow Growth0. 5010% Recession0. 20? 25% Expected return = 0. 3? 40% + 0. 5? 10% + 0. 2? -25% = 12% 4. If the risk-free rate is 6 percent and the risk bounty is 5 percent, what is the required return? (Cornett, Adair, and Nofsinger, 2012, p. 47). Required return = 6% + 5% = 11% 5. The average annual return on the Standard and Poors 500 baron from 1986 to 1995 was 15. 8 percent. The average annual T-bill yield during the same period was 5. 6 percent. What was the market risk premium during these 10 years? (Cornett, Adair, and Nofsinger, 2012, p. 247). Average market risk premium = 15. 8% ? 5. 6% = 10. 2% 6. Hastings Entertainment has a beta of 0. 24. If the market return is expected to be 11 percent and the risk-free rate is 4 percent, what is Hastings required return? (Cornett, Adair, and Nofsinger, 2012, p. 247).Use the capital asset pricing model to calculate Hastings required return. Hastings required return = 4% + 0. 24 ? (11% ? 4%) = 5. 68% 7. Calculate the beta of your portfolio, which comprises the following items (a) Olympic Steel stock, which has a beta of 2. 9 and comprises 25 percent of your portfolio, (b) Rent-a-Center stock, which has a beta of 1. 5 and comprises 35 percent of your portfolio, and (c) Lincoln Electric stock, which has a beta of 0. 2 and comprises 40 percent of your portfolio. (Adapted from Cornett, Adair, and Nofsinger, p. 248. ) 0. 25? 2. 9 + 0. 35? 1. 5 + 0. 40? 0. 2 = 1. 33

Frankenstein: a Psychological Analysis Essay

What truly makes Mary Shelleys Frankenstein an entertaining novel, in my opinion, is the psychological development of each of the contributions doneout the story. The best way to display such psychological progress is to compare events and thoughts from the book to Sigmund Freuds theories on the sense of right and wrong. Freuds id is shown through primitive actions of certain characters those that involve little judgment and rely on instincts rather than informed decisions.The ego can be observed through staple fiber thoughts and decisions that are made without the influence of conscience. The super-ego is, in fact, conscious thought itself, often characterized by the guilt or other feelings that come as a terminus of the id and ego. As you will see, Freudian theory has an important place in the literary masterpiece that is Frankenstein. While the idea of the id is probably the least commonplace of the three in Frankenstein, it still plays a major role in shaping the character s, most specifically, Frankensteins monster.Id is most commonly applied to instinctual actions and those taken solely out of a need for survival and instant gratification. The monster finds himself satisfying his id when teaching himself the basic means of living and human action. These skills give him what he inescapably to live and obtain his necessities, but contribute nothing to his ultimate consciousness. Much as the id is associated with primitive inhuman desires, Frankensteins monster takes on a sensual and primitive image.Next among the three parts of Freuds psychic apparatus is ego. Ego is applied to the organized and realistic part of a characters mentality and, unlike the id, requires judgment and next-level thinking. achiever Frankensteins willing development into a scientifically learned being and then his venture into creating carriage from inanimate body parts accurately shows the more advanced, yet still somewhat surface, thought process of an ego-influenced bein g. Additionally, it is Frankensteins ego that distances him from his family and friends.At this headland he has the capacity to make decisions and act on them, but not consider or feel what might come out of them. Victor Frankensteins ego soon turns into super-ego as the consequences of his actions become visible. The super-ego plays the moral role of the three, allowing for emotional comprehension of the events that unfold. Guilt seems to be a common thread between the super-egos of Frankenstein and his monster. Victor is overwhelmed with guilt upon realizing that his creation is responsible for the deaths of his brother, father, friend, and wife.He even seeks a temporary release from the guilt in isolation and appreciation of nature. The monster finds himself in a very similar situation, facing the guilt of actually killing the ones that Frankenstein loved, and thus reducing his creators life to one without substance or anything to be emotionally attached to. Obviously, the menta l punishment of guilt plays a large role in forming the super-egos of both protagonist and antagonist. Freuds theories on the subconscious and conscience set the foundation for Shelleys novel.His id characterizes the monsters initial struggle for survival in an unfamiliar world. His ego is played out by Frankensteins obsession with biological sciences and later creation of a monster. His super-ego encompasses the basic actions taken in the previous two, but also adds an ethical and emotionally conscious component part to the consequences. It is apparent that Sigmund Freuds structural model of the psyche almost perfectly outlines the basic psychological activities in and between the characters of Frankenstein.

Chapter 36 The Parting of the Ways

Dumbledore s tood up. He stared down at Barty flex for a moment with disgust on his face. thence he raised his wand once more and ropes flew let on of it, ropes that twisted themselves in effect(p) ab off Barty Crouch, binding him tightly. He move to professor McGonag every last(predicate).Minerva, could I film you to stand guard here while I take lay waste to upstairs?Of crease, state Professor McGonagall. She looked slightly nauseous, as though she had unless watched individual being sick. However, when she drew discover her wand and pointed it at Barty Crouch, her hand was quite steady.Severus Dumbledore turned to Snape please tell Madam Pomfrey to come down here we wishing to get A stretch forthor threatening into the hospital wing. Then go down into the grounds, find Cornelius Fudge, and bring him up to this office. He leave alone undoubtedly neediness to scruple Crouch himself. recognize him I will be in the hospital wing in half an hours time if he needs m e.Snape nodded silently and swept egress of the room. ravage? Dumbledore tell gently.Harry got up and swayed again the pain in his leg, which he had non noticed all the time he had been listening to Crouch, right away returned in large measure. He also realized that he was shaking. Dumbledore gripped his arm and helped him out into the dark corridor.I want you to come up to my office first. Harry, he say quiedy as they subjected up the passageway. Sirius is waiting for us there.Harry nodded. A kind of numbness and a sense of complete unreality were upon him, and he did not care he was even glad of it. He didnt want to restrain to think about anything that had happened since he had first stirred the Triwizard Cup. He didnt want to develop to examine the memories, fresh and sharp as photographs, which kept flashing across his mind. Mad-Eye Moody, inside the trunk. Wormtail, slumped on the ground, cradling his stump of an arm. Voldemort, rising from the steaming cauldron. CedricdeadCedric, postulation to be returned to his parents.Professor, Harry mumbled, where are Mr. and Mrs. Diggory?They are with Professor Sprout, tell Dumbledore. His congresswoman, which had been so calm throughout the interrogation of Barty Crouch, move rattling slightly for the first time. She was inquiry of Cedrics house, and knew him best.They had reached the stone gargoyle. Dumbledore gave the password, it sprang asunder, and he and Harry went up the moving spiral staircase to the oak door. Dumbledore pushed it open. Sirius was standing there. His face was white and gaunt as it had been when he had break loose Azkaban. In one swift moment, he had crossed the room.Harry, are you all right? I knew it I knew something deal this what happened?His hands move as he helped Harry into a chair in front of the desk.What happened? he asked more urgently.Dumbledore began to tell Sirius anything Barty Crouch had express. Harry was only half listening. So tired every bone i n his body was aching, he wanted nothing more than to sit here, undistur seat, for hours and hours, until he throw asleep and didnt pass water to think or spirit anymore.There was a soft zip of wings. Fawkes the phoenix had left his perch, flown across the office, and landed on Harrys knee.Lo, Fawkes, say Harry quietly. He stroked the phoenixs beautiful scarlet-and-gold plumage. Fawkes blinked peacefully up at him. There was something comforting about his warm weight.Dumbledore halt talking. He sat down opposite Harry, behind his desk. He was looking at Harry, who avoided his eye. Dumbledore was outlet to question him. He was exit to make Harry relive everything.I need to hold out what happened after you touched the Portkey in the maze. Harry, state Dumbledore.We can renounce that till morning, cant we, Dumbledore? said Sirius harshly. He had put a hand on Harrys shoulder. Let him ask a sleep. Let him rest.Harry felt a rush of gratitude toward Sirius, but Dumbledore took no notice of Siriuss words. He leaned forward toward Harry. Very unwillingly, Harry raised his head and looked into those blue eyes.If I thought I could help you, Dumbledore said gently, by putting you into an enchanted sleep and allowing you to postpone the moment when you would get hold of to think about what has happened tonight, I would do it. But I know better. numbing the pain for a while will make it worse when you finally feel it. You aim shown gallantry beyond anything I could ware expected of you. I ask you to demonstrate your courage one more time. I ask you to tell us what happened.The phoenix let out one soft, quavering note. It shivered in the air, and Harry felt as though a drop of hot liquid had slipped down his throat into his stomach, warming him, and streng henceing him.He took a fatheaded breath and began to tell them. As he radius, visions of everything that had passed that night seemed to rise earlier his eyes he sawing machine the sparkling surface of the potion that had revived Voldemort he saw the wipeout Eaters Apparating between the graves some them he saw Cedrics body, lying on the ground beside the cup.Once or twice, Sirius made a noise as though about to say something, his hand however tight on Harrys shoulder, but Dumbledore raised his hand to stop him, and Harry was glad of this, because it was easier to keep going now he had started. It was even a relief he felt almost as though something poisonous were being extracted from him. It was costing him every human activity of determination he had to keep talking, yet he sensed that once he had finished, he would feel better.When Harry told of Wormtail piercing his arm with the dagger, however, Sirius let out a vehement exclamation and Dumbledore stood up so quickly that Harry started. Dumbledore walked around the desk and told Harry to stretch out his arm. Harry showed them both the place where his robes were mangled and the cut beneath them.He said my blood would make him stronger than if hed used someone elses, Harry told Dumbledore. He said the protection my my mother left in me hed have it too. And he was right he could touch me without hurting himself, he touched my face.For a fleeting instant, Harry thought he saw a gleam of something like triumph in Dumbledores eyes. But next due south. Harry was sure he had imagined it, for when Dumbledore had returned to his seat behind the desk, he looked as old and labour as Harry had ever seen him.Very well, he said, sitting down again. Voldemort has overcome that particular barrier. Harry, continue, please.Harry went on he explained how Voldemort had emerged from the cauldron, and told them all he could recall of Voldemorts speech to the Death Eaters. Then he told how Voldemort had untied him, returned his wand to him, and prepared to duel.But when he reached the part where the golden beam of light had connected his and Voldemorts wands, he found his throat obstructed. He tried to keep talking, but the memories of what had come out of Voldemorts wand were flooding into his mind. He could see Cedric emerging, see the old man, Bertha Jorkinshis lethis motherHe was glad when Sirius broke the silence.The wands connected? he said, looking from Harry to Dumbledore. Why?Harry looked up at Dumbledore again, on whose face there was an arrested look.Priori Incantatem, he muttered.His eyes gazed into Harrys and it was almost as though an invisible beam of understanding shot between them.The Reverse Spell effect? said Sirius sharply.Exactly, said Dumbledore. Harrys wand and Voldemorts wand share cores. Each of them contains a conjoin from the tail of the same phoenix. This phoenix, in fact, he added, and he pointed at the scarlet-and-gold bird, perching peacefully on Harrys knee.My wands feather came from Fawkes? Harry said, amazed.Yes, said Dumbledore. Mr. Ollivander wrote to tell me you had bought the second wand, the moment you left his shop four years ago.So what happens when a wand meets its brother? said Sirius.They will not roleplay properly against each other, said Dumbledore. If, however, the owners of the wands force the wands to do battlea very rare effect will take place. virtuoso of the wands will force the other to regurgitate spells it has performed in reverse. The most recent firstand then those which preceded it.He looked interrogatively at Harry, and Harry nodded.Which means, said Dumbledore slowly, his eyes upon Harrys face, that some form of Cedric essential have reappeared.Harry nodded again.Diggory came approve to life? said Sirius sharply.No spell can rea wakenn the dead, said Dumbledore heavily. All that would have happened is a kind of reverse echo. A phantasm of the living Cedric would have emerged from the wandam I correct, Harry?He spoke to me, Harry said. He was suddenly shaking again. Thethe ghost Cedric, or whatever he was, spoke.An echo, said Dumbledore, which retained Cedrics appearance and character. I am guessing other s uch forms appearedless(prenominal) recent victims of Voldemorts wand.An old man, Harry said, his throat motionless constricted. Bertha Jorkins. AndYour parents? said Dumbledore quietly.Yes, said Harry.Siriuss grip on Harrys shoulder was now so tight it was painful.The last murders the wand performed, said Dumbledore, nodding. In reverse order. More would have appeared, of course, had you maintained the connection. Very well, Harry, these echoes, these shadowswhat did they do?Harry described how the figures that had emerged from the wand had prowled the edges of the golden web, how Voldemort had seemed to fear them, how the shadow of Harrys mother had told him what to do, how Cedrics had made its final request.At this point. Harry found he could not continue. He looked around at Sirius and saw that he had his face in his hands.Harry suddenly became aware that Fawkes had left his knee. The phoenix had fluttered to the floor. It was resting its beautiful head against Harrys injured le g, and thick, pearly tears were falling from its eyes onto the wound left by the spider. The pain vanished. The skin mended. His leg was repaired.I will say it again, said Dumbledore as the phoenix rose into the air and resettled itself upon the perch beside the door. You have shown bravery beyond anything I could have expected of you tonight. Harry. You have shown bravery agree to those who died fighting Voldemort at the height of his kings. You have shouldered a grown wizards essence and found yourself equal to it and you have now devolven us all we have a right to expect. You will come with me to the hospital wing. I do not want you re play to the dormitory tonight. A Sleeping Potion, and some peaceSirius, would you like to stay with him?Sirius nodded and stood up. He transformed back into the long melanise bob and walked with Harry and Dumbledore out of the office, accompanying them down a flight of stairs to the hospital wing.When Dumbledore pushed open the door. Harry saw Mrs. Weasley, Bill, Ron, and Hermione grouped around a harassed-looking Madam Pomfrey. They appeared to be demanding to know where Harry was and what had happened to him. All of them whipped around as Harry, Dumbledore, and the black dog entered, and Mrs. Weasley let out a kind of muffled scream.Harry Oh HarryShe started to hurry toward him, but Dumbledore moved between them.Molly, he said, holding up a hand, please listen to me for a moment. Harry has been through a terrible ordeal tonight. He has just had to relive it for me. What he needs now is sleep, and peace, and quiet. If he would like you all to stay with him, he added, looking around at Ron, Hermione, and Bill too, you may do so. But I do not want you questioning him until he is ready to answer, and certainly not this evening.Mrs. Weasley nodded. She was very white. She rounded on Ron, Hermione, and Bill as though they were being noisy, and hissed, Did you hear? He needs quietHeadmaster, said Madam Pomfrey, staring at the great black dog that was Sirius, may I ask what ?This dog will be remaining with Harry for a while, said Dumbledore simply. I assure you, he is extremely well trained. Harry I will wait while you get into bed.Harry felt an inexpressible sense of gratitude to Dumbledore for asking the others not to question him. It wasnt as though he didnt want them there but the thought of explaining it all over again, the idea of reliving it one more time, was more than he could stand.I will be back to see you as soon as I have met with Fudge, Harry, said Dumbledore. I would like you to remain here tomorrow until I have spoken to the school. He left.As Madam Pomfrey led Harry to a nearby bed, he caught sight of the real Moody lying motionless in a bed at the far end of the room. His wooden leg and magical eye were lying on the bedside table.Is he okay? Harry asked.Hell be fine, said Madam Pomfrey, giving Harry some pajamas and pulling screens around him. He took off his robes, pulled on the p ajamas, and got into bed. Ron, Hermione, Bill, Mrs. Weasley, and the black dog came around the screen and settled themselves in chairs on either side of him. Ron and Hermione were looking at him almost cautiously, as though scared of him.Im all right, he told them. Just tired.Mrs. Weasleys eyes filled with tears as she smoothed his bed-covers unnecessarily.Madam Pomfrey, who had bustled off to her office, returned holding a dwarfish bottle of some purple potion and a goblet.Youll need to drink all of this. Harry, she said. Its a potion for dreamless sleep.Harry took the goblet and drank a few mouthfuls. He felt himself becoming drowsy at once. Everything around him became hazy the lamps around the hospital wing seemed to be winking at him in a friendly way through the screen around his bed his body felt as though it was sinking deeper into the warmth of the feather matress. Before he could finish the potion, out front he could say some other word, his exhaustion had carried him off to sleep.Harry woke up, so warm, so very sleepy, that he didnt open his eyes, wanting to drop off again. The room was serene dimly lit he was sure it was still nighttime and had a feeling that he couldnt have been asleep very long.Then he perceive whispering around him.Theyll wake him if they dont shut upWhat are they cheering about? Nothing else can have happened, can it?Harry opened his eyes blearily. Someone had removed his glasses. He could see the fuzzy outlines of Mrs. Weasley and Bill close by. Mrs. Weasley was on her feet.Thats Fudges voice, she whispered. And thats Minerva McGonagalls, isnt it? But what are they arguing about? right off Harry could hear them too people shouting and running toward the hospital wing.Regrettable, but all the same, Minerva - Cornelius Fudge was saying loudly.You should never have brought it inside the castle yelled Professor McGonagall. When Dumbledore finds out -Harry heard the hospital doors burst open. Unnoticed by any of the people ar ound his bed, all of whom were staring at the door as Bill pulled back the screens, Harry sat up and put his glasses back on.Fudge came striding up the ward. Professors McGonagall and Snape were at his heels.Wheres Dumbledore? Fudge demanded of Mrs. Weasley.Hes not here, said Mrs. Weasley angrily. This is a hospital wing. Minister, dont you think youd do better to -But the door opened, and Dumbledore came sweeping up the ward.What has happened? said Dumbledore sharply, looking from Fudge to Professor McGonagall. Why are you disturbing these people? Minerva, Im surprised at you I asked you to stand guard over Barty Crouch -There is no need to stand guard over him anymore, Dumbledore she shrieked. The Minister has seen to thatHarry had never seen Professor McGonagall lose control like this. There were angry blotches of color in her cheeks, and a hands were balled into fists she was trembling with fury.-When we told Mr. Fudge that we had caught the Death Eater responsible for tonights events, said Snape, in a low voice he seemed to feel his personal safety was in question. He insisted on summoning a dementor to accompany him into the castle. He brought it up to the office where Barty Crouch -I told him you would not agree, Dumbledore McGonagall fumed. I told him you would never allow dementors to set foot inside the castle, but -My dear woman roared Fudge, who withal looked angrier than Harry had ever seen him, as Minister of Magic, it is my decision whether I wish to bring protection with me when interviewing a possibly dangerous -But Professor McGonagalls voice drowned Fudges.The moment that that thing entered the room, she screamed, pointing at Fudge, trembling all over, it swooped down on Crouch and and -Harry felt a chill in his stomach as Professor McGonagall struggled to find words to describe what had happened. He did not need her to finish her sentence. He knew what the dementor must have done. It had administered its fatal kiss to Barty Crouch. It h ad sucked his soul out through his mouth. He was worse than dead.By all accounts, he is no loss blustered Fudge. It seems he has been responsible for several deaths.But he cannot now give testimony, Cornelius, said Dumbledore. He was staring hard at Fudge, as though seeing him plainly for the first time. He cannot give evidence about why he killed those people.Why he killed them? Well, thats no mystery, is it? blustered Fudge. He was a raving lunatic From what Minerva and Severus have told me, he seems to have thought he was doing it all on You-Know-Whos instructionsLord Voldemort was giving him instructions, Cornelius, Dumbledore said. Those peoples deaths were mere by-products of a plan to restore Voldemort to full strength again. The plan succeeded. Voldemort has been restored to his body.Fudge looked as though someone had just swung a heavy weight into his face. Dazed and blinking, he stared back at Dumbledore as if he couldnt quite believe what he had just heard. He began to sp utter, still goggling at Dumbledore.You-Know-Whoreturned? Preposterous. Come now, DumbledoreAs Minerva and Severus have doubtless told you, said Dumbledore, we heard Barty Crouch confess. Under the influence of Veritaserum, he told us how he was smuggled out of Azkaban, and how Voldemort learning of his continued existence from Bertha Jorkins went to free him from his father and used him to capture Harry. The plan worked, I tell you. Crouch has helped Voldemort to return.See here, Dumbledore, said Fudge, and Harry was astonied to see a slight smile dawning on his face, you you cant seriously believe that You-Know-Who back? Come now, come nowcertainly, Crouch may have believed himself to be acting upon You-Know-Whos orders but to take the word of a lunatic like that, DumbledoreWhen Harry touched the Triwizard Cup tonight, he was transported straight to Voldemort, said Dumbledore steadily. He witnessed Lord Voldemorts rebirth. I will explain it all to you if you will spirit up to my office.Dumbledore glanced around at Harry and saw that he was awake, but shook his head and said, I am afraid I cannot permit you to question Harry tonight.Fudges curious smile lingered. He too glanced at Harry, then looked back at Dumbledore, and said, You are er prepared to take Harrys word on this, are you, Dumbledore?There was a moments silence, which was broken by Sirius growling. His hackles were raised, and he was stripping his teeth at Fudge.Certainly, I believe Harry, said Dumbledore. His eyes were blazing now. I heard Crouchs confession, and I heard Harrys account of what happened after he touched the Triwizard Cup the two stories make sense, they explain everything that has happened since Bertha Jorkins disappeared last summer.Fudge still had that strange smile on his face. Once again, he glanced at Harry before answering.You are prepared to believe that Lord Voldemort has returned, on the word of a lunatic murderer, and a boy whowellFudge shot Harry another loo k, and Harry suddenly understood.Youve been reading Rita Skeeter, Mr. Fudge, he said quietly.Ron, Hermione, Mrs. Weasley, and Bill all jumped. None of them had realized that Harry was awake.Fudge reddened slightly, but a intractable and obstinate look came over his face.And if I have? he said, looking at Dumbledore. If I have discovered that youve been keeping certain facts about the boy very quiet? A Parselmouth, eh? And having funny turns all over the place -I assume that you are referring to the pains Harry has been experiencing in his scar? said Dumbledore coolly.You admit that he has been having these pains, then? said Fudge quickly. Headaches? Nightmares? Possibly hallucinations?Listen to me, Cornelius, said Dumbledore, taking a step toward Fudge, and once again, he seemed to radiate that untellable sense of power that Harry had felt after Dumbledore had Stunned young Crouch. Harry is as sane as you or I. That scar upon his forehead has not addled his brains. I believe it h urts him when Lord Voldemort is close by, or feeling particularly murderous.Fudge had taken half a step back from Dumbledore, but he looked no less stubborn.Youll forgive me, Dumbledore, but Ive never heard of a curse scar acting as an alarm bell before.Look, I saw Voldemort come back Harry shouted. He tried to get out of bed again, but Mrs. Weasley forced him back. I saw the Death Eaters I can give you their names Lucius Malfoy -Snape made a sudden movement, but as Harry looked at him, Snapes eyes flew back to Fudge.Malfoy was cleared said Fudge, visibly affronted. A very old family donations to excellent causes -Macnair Harry continued.Also cleared Now working for the MinistryAvery Nott Crabbe Goyle -You are merely repeating the names of those who were clear of being Death Eaters bakers dozen years ago said Fudge angrily. You could have found those names in old reports of the trials For heavens sake, Dumbledore the boy was full of some crackpot story at the end of last year too his tales are getting taller, and youre still swallowing them the boy can talk to snakes. Dumbledore, and you still think hes trustworthy?You fool Professor McGonagall cried. Cedric Diggory Mr. Crouch These deaths were not the random work of a lunaticI see no evidence to the opposite shouted Fudge, now matching her anger, his face purpling. It seems to me that you are all determined to start a panic that will destabilize everything we have worked for these last thirteen yearsHarry couldnt believe what he was hearing. He had always thought of Fudge as a kindly figure, a gnomish blustering, a little pompous, but essentially good-natured. But now a dead, angry wizard stood before him, refusing, point-blank, to accept the prospect of disruption in his comfortable and ordered populace to believe that Voldemort could have risen.Voldemort has returned, Dumbledore repeated. If you accept that fact straightaway. Fudge, and take the necessary measures, we may still be able to save the situation. The first and most essential step is to remove Azkaban from the control of the dementors -Preposterous shouted Fudge again. Remove the dementors? Id be kicked out of office for suggesting it Half of us only feel safe in our beds at night because we know the dementors are standing guard at AzkabanThe rest of us sleep less soundly in our beds, Cornelius, knowing that you have put Lord Voldemorts most dangerous supporters in the care of creatures who will join him the instant he asks them said Dumbledore. They will not remain stanch to you, Fudge Voldemort can offer them much more scope for their powers and their pleasures than you can With the dementors behind him, and his old supporters returned to him, you will be hard-pressed to stop him regaining the build of power he had thirteen years agoFudge was opening and closing his mouth as though no words could express his outrage.The second step you must take and at once, Dumbledore pressed on, is to send envoys to the giants.Envoys to the giants? Fudge shrieked, finding his tongue again. What madness is this?Extend them the hand of friendship, now, before it is too late, said Dumbledore, or Voldemort will persuade them, as he did before, that he alone among wizards will give them their rights and their freedomYou you cannot be serious Fudge gasped, shaking his head and retreating further from Dumbledore. If the magical community got wind that I had approached the giants people hate them, Dumbledore end of my career -You are blinded, said Dumbledore, his voice rising now, the aura of power around him palpable, his eyes blazing once more, by the love of the office you hold, Cornelius You place too much importance, and you always have done, on the so-called sinlessness of blood You fail to recognize that it matters not what someone is born, but what they grow to be Your dementor has just destroyed the last remaining member of a pure-blood family as old as any and see what that man chose to mak e of his life I tell you now- take the steps I have suggested, and you will be remembered, in office or out, as one of the bravest and greatest Ministers of Magic we have ever known. Fail to act and history will remember you as the man who stepped aside and allowed Voldemort a second chance to destroy the world we have tried to rebuildInsane, whispered Fudge, still backing away. MadAnd then there was silence. Madam Pomfrey was standing frozen at the foot of Harrys bed, her hands over her mouth. Mrs.Weasley was still standing over Harry, her hand on his shoulder to anticipate him from rising. Bill, Ron, and Hermione were staring at Fudge.If your determination to shut your eyes will carry you as far as this, Cornelius, said Dumbledore, we have reached a parting of the ways. You must act as you see fit. And I I shall act as I see fit.Dumbledores voice carried no hint of a threat it sounded like a mere statement, but Fudge bristled as though Dumbledore were advancing upon him with a wand.Now, see here, Dumbledore, he said, waving a threatening finger. Ive presumptuousness you free rein, always. Ive had a lot of respect for you. I might not have agreed with some of your decisions, but Ive kept quiet. There arent many another(prenominal) whod have let you hire werewolves, or keep Hagrid, or decide what to teach your students without reference to the Ministry. But if youre going to work against me -The only one against whom I call back to work, said Dumbledore, is Lord Voldemort. If you are against him, then we remain, Cornelius, on the same side.It seemed Fudge could think of no answer to this. He rocked backward and forward on his small feet for a moment and spun his bowler hat in his hands. Finally, he said, with a hint of a plea in his voice, He cant be back, Dumbledore, he just cant beSnape strode forward, past Dumbledore, pulling up the left sleeve of his robes as he went. He stuck out his forearm and showed it to Fudge, who recoiled.There, said Snape har shly. There. The Dark scratch. It is not as clear as it was an hour or so ago, when it burned-over black, but you can still see it. Every Death Eater had the sign burned into him by the Dark Lord. It was a means of distinguishing one another, and his means of summoning us to him. When he touched the Mark of any Death Eater, we were to Disapparate, and Apparate, instantly, at his side. This Mark has been growing clearer all year. Karkaroffs too. Why do you think Karkaroff fled tonight? We both felt the Mark burn. We both knew he had returned. Karkaroff fears the Dark Lords vengeance. He betrayed too many of his fellow Death Eaters to be sure of a welcome back into the fold.Fudge stepped back from Snape too. He was shaking his head. He did not seem to have taken in a word Snape had said. He stared, apparently repelled by the ugly mark on Snapes arm, then looked up at Dumbledore and whispered, I dont know what you and your staff are playing at, Dumbledore, but I have heard enough. I have no more to add. I will be in touch with you tomorrow, Dumbledore, to discuss the running of this school. I must return to the Ministry.He had almost reached the door when he paused. He turned around, strode back down the dormitory, and stopped at Harrys bed.Your winnings, he said shortly, taking a large bag of gold out of his pocket and dropping it onto Harrys bedside table. One thousand Galleons. There should have been a presentation ceremony, but under the circumstancesHe crammed his bowler hat onto his head and walked out of the room, slamming the door behind him. The moment he had disappeared, Dumbledore turned to look at the group around Harrys bed.There is work to be done, he said. Mollyam I right in thinking that I can count on you and Arthur?Of course you can, said Mrs. Weasley. She was white to the lips, but she looked resolute. We know what Fudge is. Its Arthurs fondness for Muggles that has held him back at the Ministry all these years. Fudge thinks he lacks proper w izarding pride.Then I need to send a message to Arthur, said Dumbledore. All those that we can persuade of the truth must be notified immediately, and he is well placed to contact those at the Ministry who are not as shortsighted as Cornelius.Ill go to Dad, said Bill, standing up. Ill go now.Excellent, said Dumbledore. Tell him what has happened. Tell him I will be in direct contact with him shortly. He will need to be discreet, however. If Fudge thinks I am meddlesome at the Ministry -Leave it to me, said Bill.He clapped a hand on Harrys shoulder, kissed his mother on the cheek, pulled on his cloak, and strode quickly from the room.Minerva, said Dumbledore, turning to Professor McGonagall, I want to see Hagrid in my office as soon as possible. Also if she will consent to come Madame Maxime.Professor McGonagall nodded and left without a word.Poppy, Dumbledore said to Madam Pomfrey, would you be very kind and go down to Professor Moodys office, where I think you will find a house- elf called Winky in considerable bother? Do what you can for her, and take her back to the kitchens. I think Dobby will look after her for us.Very very well, said Madam Pomfrey, looking startled, and she too left.Dumbledore made sure that the door was closed, and that Madam Pomfreys footsteps had died away, before he spoke again.And now, he said, it is time for two of our number to recognize each other for what they are. Siriusif you could continue your usual form.The great black dog looked up at Dumbledore, then, in an instant, turned back into a man.Mrs. Weasley screamed and leapt back from the bed.Sirius Black she shrieked, pointing at him.Mum, shut up Ron yelled. Its okaySnape had not yelled or jumped backward, but the look on his face was one of mingled fury and horror.Him he snarled, staring at Sirius, whose face showed equal dislike. What is he doing here?He is here at my invitation, said Dumbledore, looking between them, as are you, Severus. I trust you both. It is time f or you to lay aside your old differences and trust each other.Harry thought Dumbledore was asking for a near miracle. Sirius and Snape were eyeing each other with the utmost loathing.I will settle, in the short term, said Dumbledore, with a bite of impatience in his voice, for a lack of open hostility. You will shake hands. You are on the same side now. measure is short, and unless the few of us who know the truth do not stand united, there is no hope for any us.Very slowly but still glaring at each other as though each wished the other nothing but ill Sirius and Snape moved toward each other and shook hands. They let go extremely quickly.That will do to be going on with, said Dumbledore, stepping between them once more. Now I have work for each of you. Fudges attitude, though not unexpected, changes everything. Sirius, I need you to set off at once. You are to alert Remus Lupin, Arabella Figg, Mundungus Fletcher the old crowd. Lie low at Lupins for a while I will contact you th ere.But - said Harry.He wanted Sirius to stay. He did not want to have to say goodbye again so quickly.Youll see me very soon. Harry, said Sirius, turning to him. I promise you. But I must do what I can, you understand, dont you?Yeah, said Harry. Yeahof course I do.Sirius grasped his hand briefly, nodded to Dumbledore, transformed again into the black dog, and ran the length of the room to the door, whose handle he turned with a paw. Then he was gone.Severus, said Dumbledore, turning to Snape, you know what I must ask you to do. If you are readyif you are preparedI am, said Snape.He looked slightly paler than usual, and his cold, black eyes glittered strangely.Then good luck, said Dumbledore, and he watched, with a trace of apprehension on his face, as Snape swept wordlessly after Sirius.It was several minutes before Dumbledore spoke again.I must go downstairs, he said finally. I must see the Diggorys. Harry take the rest of your potion. I will see all of you later.Harry slumped ba ck against his pillows as Dumbledore disappeared. Hermione, Ron, and Mrs. Weasley were all looking at him. None of them spoke for a very long time.Youve got to take the rest of your potion. Harry, Mrs. Weasley said at last. Her hand nudged the sack of gold on his bedside cabinet as she reached for the bottle and the goblet. You have a good long sleep. Try and think about something else for a whilethink about what youre going to buy with your winningsI dont want that gold, said Harry in an expressionless voice. You have it. Anyone can have it. I shouldnt have won it. It shouldve been Cedrics.The thing against which he had been fighting on and off ever since he had come out of the maze was threatening to catch him. He could feel a burning, prickling feeling in the inner corners of his eyes. He blinked and stared up at the ceiling.It wasnt your fault. Harry, Mrs. Weasley whispered.I told him to take the cup with me, said Harry.Now the burning feeling was in his throat too. He wished R on would look away.Mrs. Weasley set the potion down on the bedside cabinet, bent down, and put her arms around Harry. He had no memory of ever being hugged like this, as though by a mother. The full weight of everything he had seen that night seemed to fall in upon him as Mrs. Weasley held him to her. His mothers face, his fathers voice, the sight of Cedric, dead on the ground all started spinning in his head until he could hardly bear it, until he was screwing up his face against the howl of misery fighting to get out of him.There was a loud slamming noise, and Mrs. Weasley and Harry broke apart. Hermione was standing by the window. She was holding something tight in her hand.Sorry, she whispered.Your potion, Harry, said Mrs. Weasley quickly, wiping her eyes on the back of her hand.Harry drank it in one gulp. The effect was instantaneous. Heavy, irresistible waves of dreamless sleep broke over him he fell back onto his pillows and thought no more.