In the book aptly titled Hannibal Essay Example for Free

In the book aptly titled Hannibal EssayIn the book aptly titled Hannibal, Serge Lancel provided a nitty-gritty exposition of Romes dandy Commander life history. Through this book, Lancel aims to provide a neat account of Hannibals greatness to enlighten some misconceptions about the hero, and to outline how Hannibal reached the summit of success, in terms of war. The book explicates Hannibals historical biography from childishness up to the moment of his downfall, to give the reader a clear picture of Hannibals attributes, strengths, weaknesses, and most especially his essential characteristics that do him a true hero. Lancel does non only establish Hannibals internal complexities but he also provided a precise status quo of the Carthaginian world throughout the progression of the Great Commanders life history. With this, Lancel successfully sketched the annihilation of Hellenistic world and the ascension of Rome. Hannibal was brought in to world in 247 BCE at Carthage, whic h was experiencing a tremendous prejudice from Rome during the First Punic War (264-241). The domination of Rome during this period has a great influence to young Hannibals life because he was the firstborn son of a Carthaginian general named Hamilcar Barca.At the age of ten, Hannibal witnessed the step by step triumph of his father through the latters learning of other territories for the expansion Carthage empire. Many believed that Hamilcar compelled Hannibal to make a promise that the latter will have a perpetual abhorrence to the Roman Empire. Lancel posited that these could be rumor only but this concomitant could be true since Carthaginians have all the reasons to detest the Romans. When Hamilcar died in 229 BCE, Hasdrubal the Fair (Hamilcars son in-law) assumed the position, and during his reign he changed the landscape warfare by promoting diplomatic means.Eight years after, Hasdrubal was assassinated, which paved way for Hannibals commandership over the Carthaginian m ilitia in Iberia. From diplomatic practice, Hannibal went back to his father approach of battle, which is aggressive in nature. His first attack was towards the natives of Salamanca in 220 BCE, followed the seizure Santagnum, which led to a conflict with the Romans because during Hasdrubal supremacy, Carthage and Rome made a treaty to prevent any disagreement between the two empires.Carthage and Rome underwent a negotiation, and while it is going Hannibal continued his goal of extending his territory. When he completely invaded the Iberian Peninsula the Carthage-Rome relationship worsened and catapulted the Second Punic War. Rome sent out reinforcement in Sicily, while Hannibal made a bold move in beleaguering Italy before the former can prepared themselves in the waging war. The existing war gave Hannibal an opportunity to get the support Gaul militia, which in the end made his army more powerful, and resulted, to his second triumph at Trebia River.In March 217 BCE, the Great Comma nder winning streak perpetuated though in an unfortunate event he lost one of his eyes (some historians posited that this due to opthamalia) during the war. Roman militias power diminished as the war went on, in an unexpected happenstance their consul Flaminius was ambushed near the Trasimene Lake. Because of this, Hannibal exterminated two Roman legions, but it did not stop Rome and its allies from engaging and continuing the war.Instead, they aggravated the conflict when Quintus Fabius Maximus was chosen to be Romes dictator. The Roman council suggested an end-all be-all war, in which they were successful at its first battle at Cannae but they were eventually defeated when Carthaginian army overwhelmed them in a circular formation. Several of Roman allies was so disappointed with result of the Second Punic War, they unflinching to turn their back with Rome and decided to join the Carthage Empire. Then at age of thirty, Capua was established as Hannibals capital in Italy.He comma nded his brother Mago Barca to relate the good news in Carthage and in doing so Mago decanted hundreds of golden rings taken from the decimated cadavers of Roman army, while he was entering the entrance hall of the Carthaginian senate. Nevertheless, Roman council, along with their rest allies, still resisted any agreement with Hannibal.Then the Great Commander decided to make an alliance with the Macedonian empire, which he acquired through the approval of King Philip V of Macedonia. With this approval, the Carthaginian forces were joined by Syracuse forces in 214 BCE.Rome did not falter instead, they started an alliance with the Aetolia since this Greek town has a dispute with Macedonia. In the immortal desire of Hannibal to expand his territory, he pursued Cumae and Puteoli ports, in order for him to strengthen his militia, but due to this, Rome found an opportunity to regain its nations confidence and to start anew because Hannibal neglected his offensives in Central Italy. In 212 BCE, Hannibal tasted his first failure.

The Future of Graphic Arts Essay Example for Free

The Future of Graphic Arts EssayPublic works projects were promoted by Lester Be tot completelyy during the 1930s. The depiction of this project is describes as this poster for the Rural Electrification Administration juxtaposes a photograph of two young people once against an abstracted Ameri place flag to imp trick optimism for a technologically enhanced rising (WebCT, 2002). This is to a fault a political manifestation in the agency that thither is a presentation of an reach normaled to give hope in a time where there are different social problems.However, this was non a new move, as in 1917 there was the use of in writing(predicate) art in the form of posters as a reaction against the social condition, and upkeeping the revolution (WebCT, 2002). In the country there was support given to the Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA) (WebCT, 2002). If we regard at the mien these posters were made we mountain limit why thy were so limited, with poster bell ringered by hand , or attentively only with the use of rough stencils (WebCT, 2002). This limited the amount of posters but quiesce the work of artists much(prenominal) as Gustav Klutsis and Mikhail Razulevich development and used much robotlike methods of reproductions (WebCT, 2002).Nearby in Germany politics was excessively the subject of John Heartfield where he was against the rise of the Nazi part though this use of graphic arts, however, this time the images were to a greater extent direct with the use if graphic art as a political advertising using photomontages as well as slogans on a private poster (WebCT, 2002). This was a demonstration of how graphic art could be used to develop emotional feeling regarding public issues and to change the opinions of those watching (WebCT, 2002).This has been used again and against through egress history, with the different message against the status quo existence visualized in images relevant to the contemporary society (McQuiston and Greer, 1997) . Here we accept agreen the beginnings of the development, how society and politics prolong influenced the elbow room that the art has been highly-developed. If we want to look to what the future whitethorn hold we need to back out a leap and consider how the more recent ancient has developed with the use of graphic art. Here we seat wherefore cast the way that the foundations were built upon.To undertake this there are many approaches that can be developed. The way in which graphic art has development may be seen in many mediums in many countries. , However , in keeping with the source of looking to the future we go away look at an artist of the past that was both prolific, and seen as looking ahead of his time to what the future would hold. To this end we will consider the role of one of the most influential graphic artists of the twentieth century Paul Rand. III. Paul RandIn considering a specific work of a well kn feature room decorator we can understand how the work influence the customer as well as influenced the wider environment of that of graphic design and the way that the influences that are felt in the short term and the long term. In looking at Paul Rands work we can conclude that he influenced non only his clients, but to a fault appreciate the wider influence he has had ion the graphic design industry in general as well as appreciating the singularity of his own style, as was demonstrated by the design of many give-and-take including that of IBM.thither are many graphic designers that have had a long stretch forth impact on the way we see the world and interpret its meaning. Some designers have been subtle in the influence and the range of designs that have made a difference have been anything from typefaces to landmarks, but one of the best known, if not by name then by his work mustiness be that of Paul Rand, also known as Papa logo (Lange 1998). Paul Rand has a wide range of styles and worked in the field of advertising, an d can be seen to have made a great impact, his specially was branding, and the specific work we will be considering here will be the well known IBM logo (Hurlbert, 1979).The idea of a logo that was innovative and had meaning as well as a message may have been new and groundbreaking in the days of Rand, but it is part due to his wide ranging influence that we can see the wide practice of branding has taken the current route. It is also a shame that in this ripe world where the forte of Rands talents lay there has been a usual practice of branding which has be capture homogenised and bland (Hurlbert, 1979). This is not a criticism that can be seen to have been levelled at Rand, who not only intentional this innovative and thus far used logo.Rand was also responsible for logos much(prenominal) as the carriers UPS, Cummins Engines, Yale University and bordering Computers (Lange 1998). This logo is unique and the style is appreciate widely, even if the actual company name cannot be read the distinction is very clear. It was Rands intention to design logos and different works which were not only recognisable and identifiable very easily, but also one that can be seen as having a corporeal meaning, which is demonstrated very clearly by the logo designed for IBM.The brief of any designer in looking to brand an organisation will a great deal be rather vague, there will be a requirement for the Logo to be suited to the corporate culture, but this in itself is an intangible, and as such it very difficult to describe, it will also need to indicate the sphere of operation or characteristics that the client wants the logo to bring to mind when it is viewed by the clients own customers. The IBM logo has become well known for its blocked design that appear to indicate a clean cut image with is both technological and simple, with colour that are seen as safe but also bold an innovative without threat.If we look for the way in which the design was inspired then we m ay be looking for a very difficult element, in other designs this may be more observable, such as his advert for El Producto poster in 1953 we can see that there was a message of merry Christmas (Rand, 1953). The actual content of the design can be seen as imitating Christmas as the cigars which are depicted in them are cigar shaped but lot a great deal more interesting due to the fact they appear in Christmas designs such as we might expect to see on Christmas wrapping paper or decorations for the seen.The passion here is more easily observed, but this devotion for IBM must has existed, yet describing his talent and style has been depict by some as trying to catch debileening in a bottle, but we can see ambition in the way that the logo was used once it had been designed (Hurlbert, 1979). His style was simplistic, and he took the inspiration form may sources, but the need for something that was not elaborate but served as functional is very clear in this design. In the way th at posters were later designed to advertise IBM we start to see the inspiration of his humour and the way in which he would play ion words.This can be seen as making a great deal of sense as if we look at the way in which other Logos were also designed there was always an innovative way of the company initials being used to consider and communicate the idea of the company and to build up associations regarding the company. Therefore it is fair to subscribe that the play on words and the way in which the letters were all used were not only effective but also consciously used in such a way. With IBM the design is one that appears to be of good specifications, but the humour was to come out later.In an advertisement where the logo was to be used there was a change which emphasised the way on which the logo could be immediately recognised, but would still gain care rather than be brushed off due to its familiarity, in this Rand left the M, from IBM and replaced the I with and eye, an d the B with a bee (Lange 1998). A play on words, but also on the perception of the product and brand as well as inspiration derived from the everyday world around us, but filled will psychological meaning, putting into place the quote from the beginning of this paper.However, the management of IBM prevented it ever seeing the light of day and being subjected to the customers critique as they did not believe if conveyed the IBM message It was not IBM (Lange 1998). The role he had on the industry as a topic of successes like this was not kept to himself but communicated in the same medium as that of his work, through the printed word in many many manuals on how to design logos and polish their coming into court (Lange 1998). In his own words the trademark should embody in the simplest form the essential characteristics of the product or institution being advertised (Rand, 2000).However, if also saw it as the designers job to be able to bring the formality down on occasion, and the w ay in which he is described as an idealist and a realist using the language of the poet and the businessman. He thinks in terms of need and function. He is able to analyse his problems, but his fantasy is bound weensy appears to embody the form and function where they both appear to be of importance, but the realism and the poetry are also very apparent (Hurlbert, 1979).If we try and see if there are any autobiographic aspects to this work this is a more difficult perspective precisely du to the simplicity of the work, however the work in print can be seen as an aspect of his very early work when he was hired by Esquire magazine (Hurlbert, 1979). The humour that is apparent in the spurned IBM advertisement is also autobiographical as the way in which he sees the world was seen by many who met him as one which encompasses a large ground level of humour as well as common sense (Hurlbert, 1979).In his early days there was a need for succinct design produced at a rapid rate for use in mails shoot advertising and magazine copy, but the need for the inclusion of artistic style was also recognised as many of his works were seen on a regular basis as the Art Directors Club (Hurlbert, 1979). If we compare this grounding with the IBM logo, there is both the simplistic that comes with the need for speed, but also the style and grace which can be seen as an aspect of art and design.The impression we get of the IBM logo is that it has always unsloped been there, associated wit the company on such as basic level that we are apt to forget its origin for a man who started he go in the 1930s (Hurlbert, 1979). The symbolic content can also be recognised by the colours as well as the tonal patterns. / They appear to be very geometrically spaced, with a great deal of precision not only in the distance between each line, but also in the way that the letter line up.The white ion the blue background serves to emphasis this contrast and therefore gives an impression of precisi on that we now associate with the company. If we consider the way that he may have been influenced by others at the same time there is a little difficulty as he was seen as a leader rather than a fol commence, but the simplistic design can also be seen as functional for the reproduction as well as recognition. If we consider the work in relation to Rands other work then it is neither relatively crucial or insignificant, it is a typical example of the way in which function and form were combined.From the advertising campaigns for bill boards and magazine cover designs as well as the logos there are some common characteristics, such as the idea of the simple being better than the complex, the ability of the design being something that the client as well as the customers can colligate to. When we look at the other Logos this common thread is very well illustrated. However, we can argue that this one logo may also be significant as it is probably one of the best known examples of his work, recognised throughout the globe and still used today.The UPS insignia must also come a close second, but this also consists of the same characteristics, the simple designee, although a little more complex, is immediately identifiable, but in this case the symbolism is also more openly apparent. Other logos such as the Yale University one can be seen to have exactly the same style of simplistic function, where form is an art, and as such we can argue that the piece of work studied in this paper could have been substituted for any of his other works and the conclusions would be the same.Although he dies in 1996 the influence he has left on the art of graphic design has not reduced, his work is still studied and admired, and perhaps the best and most significant legacy is the continued use of the works from the man also known as papa logo. In many ways his work can still be seen as relevant, yet it was still as a result of the technology changes that he was able to form these ima ges, and the effective nature of many may be seen as a result of the increased art of typography. Therefore, to understand the development of this we also need to consider the development of typography.IV. Typography Typography is seen in everyday life, from the newspapers we read, the television programmes we watch to the numbers on buses and the advertisements on the bill boards. To what typography consists of we need to look at the characteristics that are present in the lettering. There are many typefaces and different ways for those typefaces to be presented. It is in this development of typography we can argue that the computer has been great influence, concedeing for more type faces to be developed and for the uses of these typefaces to be manipulated more easily.This has been a boon to the graphic artist, and in understanding the ability to develop an image as simple as a letter using the computer then we can appreciate the way that larger images many also be manipulated. T hese are used in a lot all manifestations of graphical arts. The use of a type face creates an image, and even in an item as simple as a menu it has been turn up to have a discernable effect on customer perceptions and resulting purchases that are made (Heimann, 1998).When we consider the purpose of typography it has to be seen as more than simply a communication of words, however if we break it down into its smallest component of typography can be seen in the following way The basic unit of all type design is the individual letter. Letters come together to form words, and words come together to form stories (Anonymous, 2000). This is the role of the graphic artist, to present an image that communicates, this may be story, a feeling a perception or just an image that will be recalled for a later association.It is in this last section off the quote that we can see that way the typography is used can convey a great deal about a story. For example if we see a film being advertised w ith typography that is jagged and looks like it is dripping with blood then we can automatically assume that it will be a horror movies of some sort. This is the message that is conveyed in the layout and design of the typography. The typography will be different on a reverie than on a science fiction film, due to the different perceptions they create.The advances in the use of the computer here can be seen in the aiding of the design by trying out and manipulating designs without the need to keep making mock up posters and by trying out changes speedily at the click of a button. This can be seen as very useful in a number of ways, it reduces the materials used so that there are greater ranges of possibilitys at a lower cost. The time element is also much shorter, and as such the costs can be seen as proportionately lower.The need for an expert can also be seen as reduced, with the computer there is no longer the need for specific training as the range of programmes that can be use d allow almost anyone with a typing skills can take on the task of a typographer. Therefore, the range of uses of these type faces and the extent of the styles can be seen as no long only the realms of the professional. Small businesses are able to produce their own business stationary and develop their own advertisements and literature, even a local parish or community magazine that used to be hand types can look like a professionally produced publication.However, when these are used there are still some very basic rules that are followed the advantage with the computer and the ability to see the layout before a publication is printed on a large casing can be to see that in the main even those without training or specific knowledge will follow them naturally. The ability to keep the readers attention is a combination of factors. The first will be the content of the text, and if we are looking at this from a purely typographical or graphical art perspective then this is not in the control of the typesetter (Anonymous, 2000).The design of the text and the size of the text are important as illegible text or test that is uncomfortable to read will loose the interest of the reader just as easily as boring content (Anonymous, 2000). The coterminous items that need to be considered are not so obvious unless you look at a piece of typesetting where they are wrong, and then it becomes obvious. There are the line lengths and the spacing between the words and letters. It is these spacing between letters that can make a publications look professional.Until the computer was in many homes and small businesses the typing would be on a conventional type writer where the space between each letter is the same with no sense of proportion as seen in the courier and the courier new type faces (Anonymous, 2000). This fixed spacing has become associated with the home produced leaflets that were duplicated with duplicating machine or by the use of photocopiers has become less app arent as proportional fonts have been used, examples may be seen as the popular times new roman that is a well used font.The difference here is that the proportional basis of a font means that smaller letters, such as a i or an l will take up less rook than a w or an m, uniform to the way handwriting takes place and the pattern is easier in the eye as apparent gaps between letters in the same word will all be the same (Will-Harris, 2000). In addition there will also be the element of the actual line spacing. If the lines are too close together the typeface, whatever it is will be difficult to read and there will be a crowding effect (Will-Harris, 2000).Again the use of the computer enable this to be seen and adjusted before any documents are even printed so out rarely becomes an issue (Will-Harris, 2000). There will also be issues such as the actual form of the entire setting as well as the quality of the reproduction, which may or may not be issues the typesetter will be involved in. However he how of the typesetting comes together to form a message and communicate an issue or an idea so in this way we can see that the typesetting can be as important as the content, get it wrong and people will not read it whatever it says (Will-Harris, 2000).However, if we are going to consider how the computer has influence the development of typography we can also look to the actual type fonts that are used. There are even programmes able now that can scan a persons handwriting and then code it into the computer as a type face or font so that it will be reproduced when typing. In a broader sense, there have been other wide scale developments directly due to the computer. The use of computers and the advent if they Internet have seen the development of a collection of new typefaces or fonts to apportion with the individual situations and specific needs of this medium.Two fonts have been developed by Microsoft with this in mind. Mathew Carter was responsible for the develo pment of Verdana which is a sans serif named after the verdant Seattle region (Will-Harris, 2000). The second is tabun, a bright serif labelled due to a tabloid headline concerning alien heads allegedly found in the area of Georgia (Will-Harris, 2000). Verdana is easier to read on a subterfuge as the x height is higher than normal giving the type face a larger appearance without the need for more space (Will-Harris, 2000).There is also special attention taken with the letters that are sometimes easily confused on screen such as i, l and j and I where the formations of the letters is slightly different, with slightly different height to distinguish them more easily (Will-Harris, 2000). Georgian is similar as it still has a higher x point, but not has high as Verdana, but is still retains an almost times new jog feel about it so it can be used in traditional circumstances, and again can be seen as easier to read simply because it has been designed specifically for the screen, yet they also reproduce well in print (Will-Harris, 2000).Therefore we can see how the computer has impacted on the development of typography, in the way it is used, developed and put together to the actual design of the fonts. It has come a long way in a short period of time, and is potential to go further, especially in the hands of the graphic artists, both in the design as well as in the use. There are also computer aided design packages that will develop new fonts, even for an amateur, such as handwriting fonts of an individual that are scanned in. Here we can see that there is a development with a cross over of the many different art forms and the way in which inspiration impacts on the art.To look to the future we have seen how there has been inspiration in the past, and how this has impacted on graphic art, The next stage must be to consider the way in which inspiration may be gained in the future. V. Inspiration The first factor we need to consider here is that the cross over o f the different art forms is increasing, a graphic artist may use a camera or paints, a typographer may also be a graphic artist. Expression in the arts has always looked for new and innovative ways to be presented.This have often used newer and more radical as the forum for ideas and inspiration in the search for the ways in which to be inspired and find the spark required for creativity to take place. Just as in any other art form graphic design can be inspired or developed from what is seen around us and the every day mediums which we all come across. For example, we can consider the art of contemporary photography. The argument for the adoption and acceptance of contemporary photography techniques in graphic design can be that in contemporary photographs we may find more contrasts and forms which are suitable for graphic design.The way in which the describes are framed and made up with different table of contents and contrasts in colours may also be more suitable to be adapted and changed rather than a traditional countryside view. They may be developed more appropriately. The best way to demonstrate this is to take two contemporary photographs and examine what may be gained from them by a graphic designer. The way in which they add to an idea or be developed to a specific outcome by providing a concept or a form from which the designer can work. Alternatively the way in which the photography may demonstrate to the graphic designer ways of working.The first photograph we will consider is flaxen Trails, was taken in 1999 by Tony Chumak and can be seen at http//tonychumakstudios. com/GallerySeries8/Tcs_Image_144-24X-A-L. asp. This is only on the boarders of contemporary photography. It is a decorate with a difference, in the centre of the landscape is a pattern in the sand which would normally be avoided by the photographer. This photograph demonstrates the way in which contemporary photography can capture texture and image, which is only available throu gh this one medium.It is often said that art should convey a social message (Rich, 1998). This is true whether it is fine are or graphic design and whether the purpose of the work ids art or even advertising (Rich, 1998). The use of a photograph such as this can be used to convey many different types of message depending on the context n which the graphic designer is working By looking at this picture aspects suitable for graphic use can be seen. The contrast of the shades of sand caused by the lighting cast shadows which can almost appear live(a) and stark.Natural forms and shapes can lead to very pleasing and easy to use or interpret ideas for a designer. A shape formed by the whirl of the sea flows and the graphic designer can take this line and simplicity and translate it to all manner of variable uses. Curves flow through the medium which is sinless of life forming shapes which approximately can be seen as more than waves, but of forms in the sand which can be placed togethe r with a little imagination and thought. The adaptation of what is normally straight or fixed into a flowing contemporary shape has long been used in design.

Alex and Patrick - Separated at birth Essay Example for Free

Alex and Patrick Separated at birth EssayFor my project, I relieve oneself chosen to compare and analyse the characterisation of two of literatures most psychotic characters, Alex from A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess, and Patrick Bateman from American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis. Patrick and Alex are from, and sound in two completely different worlds, but what I aim to prove is that if you look past the superficial differences of the stories, the base characteristics and emotions of the two characters are the same. The Books two American Psycho and A Clockwork Orange are considered to be satires and black comedies. Ellis version of 80s New York and a W every(prenominal) Street executive gone cracked is considered a satire of the 80s compulsion with greed, money, power, women, drugs and getting a reservation at Dorsia. It is ab come out of the closet Patrick bateman, a successful stockbroker, who by day goes to work, discusses fashion tips with his friends and goes to the most dear(predicate) restaurants, and by night, is a psychopathic mass murder.It is derivative of, and has been praised as the darkest satire since A Clockwork Orange, Burgess vision of a future run by warriorlike law with teenage criminals running amok is considered a satire on State Censorship, the government and free will. It is about Alex, a fifteen year mature boy who goes out raping, stealing and murdering, until he is arrested. When in jail, the state tries to reform him, but end up turning him into no thing more than A Clockwork Orange, a person with no free will, no choice, and no life.Have the government gone too far? Both books have been viewed as misogynistic, discriminating against genial classes, and in some parts racist, but regardless of this the books are still considered cult classics. Lifestyle and Friends Patrick and Alex are both given backgrounds, complete with friends and life styles. In American Psycho, Ellis depicts Patricks lifestyle as restaurants , designer clothes, attractive women, cocaine and martinis. In contrast, Burgess shows Alex as being from a poor family, a convict, and a victim of the system.Patricks lifestyle is written about much more than Alexs, as Ellis intersperses Patricks deeds with passages about work, the difficulty of getting a reservation at a good restaurant, and which haulage he should wear to match his in the raw Valentino suit. Burgess does write about Alexs life in some detail, such as the purchasing of a new record, what he is wearing The heighth (not a spelling mistake) of Nadsat fashion, and his favourite places (The Korova milk bar for some Moloko plus). The extract from American Psycho marked Friends describes the beginning of an evening out for Patrick.Notice how Ellis starts talking about what everyone is wearing as though it is relevant to the story line, however it is relevant to the theme, showing the 80s obsession with designer labels. It seems as though Patrick feelings it is neccesa ry to identify where everyones clothes are from. The following page shows Patrick giving out fashion tips and everyone listening as though he is a fashion guru. In the extract, Ellis shows the banter between Patrick and his friends, McDermott, Van Patten and Price. Patrick doesnt mention any of his deeds to his friends, or as part of the narration at this point.There doesnt seem to be any kind of a hierarchy within the group, everyone seems to be equal, although we do tend to see Patrick as the main person in the group, due to the commencement person narration. In contrast, Alex is the leader of his little group, and this is apparent from the start, as Alex bosses around the other three, especially Dim, whom he bullies constantly (I think he came up with the pass water in reference to his intelligent). Alex also describes what he is wearing, but only three times when it is neccesary, and not in as much detail as Patrick goes into.Although Alex works with his friends, or droogs, they dont seem to discuss their crimes between them. Paradoxically, Patrick, who works alone, brings up his crimes in conversations with his friends and fianci e, but they are either not listening, take it as a joke, or are too drunk to understand or remember Alexs lifestyle is reflective of the chronological setting of the book, as it is set in one contingent future, where it seems martial law rules, and everyone who is old enough to work has to work. Alex is only 15, and is not old enough to work, so he goes out stealing to earn money.Although, when you sack away the superficial characteristics, you can see that Patrick is just an upscale, 80s yuppie version of Alex, as both of them are brash, arrogant, brutal, self-involved and obsessed with music, appearances, and violence. Music Both Patrick and Alex have an obsession with music. Patrick listens to more contemporary styles of music, such as Huey Lewis and the News, Whitney Houston and Genesis, whereas Alex favours the more cl assical music of Beethoven and Handel. Music seems to affect both Patrick and Alex in different ways.In American Psycho, Ellis has written entire chapters devoted to the above bands, so the inclusion of music in the novel may be something personal to Ellis, because hes done his research, although it does also supply to the 1980s feel of the book. Apart from this, the chapters do seem somewhat irrelevant to the story, as the preceding and following chapters have nothing to do with the music. Both Patrick and Alex feel it necessary to list and describe their sound systems. Ellis uses two whole pages describing a consignment of top of the range technology that arrives at Patricks house.This is showing the reader Patricks wealth, rather than his love for music, whereas in A Clockwork Orange, Alex describes his stereo as The pride of my jeezny. Later on in the book, he criticises two girls stereos, then says Come with me and hear all proper, meaning that his stereo is far superior to t heirs. Patrick merely reviews and talks about the music, whereas Alex becomes engulfed in it, which is why he describes listening to classical music is gorgeousness and gorgeosity made flesh.He also uses other words such as bliss, heaven, Wonder of Wonders, proving that music to him is not just music, but an emotional thing, and as though he physically feels something. Alex compares listening to music like being on drugs. Later in the book, aft(prenominal) being treated with the Ludivico Technique, Alex is inadvertently conditioned against all emotional music, and after being forced to listen to Otto Skadeligs third symphony, he tries to kill himself. It is the ultimate irony that the one thing he loved so passionately is the thing that causes him to attempt suicide.

Surveillance of US Citizens

Surveillance of US CitizensWill the technology that one day has been utilize to track enemies of the state and to haunt terrorists be used in domestic oversight of the U.S citizens on U.S soils. Is it workable that we whitethorn see thousands of these drones roaming freely in the skies of the U.S . Actually, According to the federal Aviation Administration (FAA)s expectations the U.S airspace is going to have over 30,000 drones moving freely in less than 20 years. The Usage of drones in domestic surveillance fuels the steaming debate pickings channelise nowadays between advocates of full civil liberties and the proponents of stricter measures to track unnatural lawful acts and especially the ones related to National security threats and terrorism. It also adds to a greater extent to the tilt of whether the influence of these drones in domestic surveillance is considered a search that needs a warrant according to the U.S constitutions 4th amendment or not. Due to the desirable ness of science, everyday there is something new concerning this technology. Surveillance drones have several types. They differ in the degree of sophistication and precision. Drones with the ability to see through walls may be available in the very near futurity. These developments just add more to the concerns over civil liberties and stimulate a legislative interference to end the controversy or at least try to.The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated. These are the true words of the constitution in its 4th amendment which forms the basic right of privacy for the U.S Ameri ass people. In the light of this text, and the many Supreme Court rulings which were accordingly uttered, legislators should capture their paths to a legislation which regulates the usage of drones on U.S soil and at the same time be compatible with the U.S constitution. In order to do that they shoul d tackle more than one issue. First, Location of surveillance whether its in homes, backyards or public places or veritable(a) the national borders of the country. Second, the sophistication of the technology used and its lawfulness and finally, the while of surveillance.Starting with the stance, according to the mentioned words from the constitution above and the Supreme court ruling in (Katz v. United States)1,there is a direct relation between the location of surveillance and the guess of privacy by the targeted person. In (Katz vs. United States) the court loudly set the perception that as long as the targeted person is not expecting to be publically seen or witnessed and as long as he/she took the considerations not to be seen then any surveillance or search performed without a warrant is considered unlawful. Thus In homes, privacy is expected by public and cannot be invaded unless there is a warrant.Regarding the curtilage of a private property, it is also considered a par t of the property secured from unwarranted surveillance. Yet this does not negate the fact that curtilage can be seen and monitored by the cutting eye and from several reward points. As long as the fill of monitoring does not involve sophisticated equipment and through a vantage point it is allowed without a warrant. In cardinal main precedents of the Supreme Court (In California v. Ciraolo and In Florida v. Riley) the police officers received tips that both individuals were growing marijuana in their backyard. The officers flew an aero-plane few feets above their backyards where they saw with their naked eyes the action of growing unlawful substances. In both cases, this action was not considered a search that needs a warrant since officers saw the action and the convicted never tried to prevent the action of seeing and they did not assume privacy since the place was already exposed. By applying these two incidents on the usage of drones for surveillance it may be assumed that it would be reasonable enough to consider using them instead of launching planes to monitor an action. As a matter of fact, this assumption may be a bit far from truth simply since there is another factor which was not taken into consideration. This factor is the degree of foretaste by the suspect to be monitored. Due to the rarity of drones in the U.S skies nowadays (around 300 licenses), being watched by a drone would never be deemed by the public as an expected thing in the contrary to planes which normally travel over houses. This would raise questions around the legitimacy of the usage of drones in the low gear place.Finally, when it comes to the borders of the U.S, one of the main missions of the U.S government is to defend the U.S soil against any kind of attack or illegal entry of aliens or substances. The Supreme Court has been quite conservative when dealing with the issue of borders security. They consider it as a holy duty of the U.S law enforcement and army and they try as much as they can not to interfere. The usage of drones to monitor the borders would be of less controversy due to the deep need of all kinds of security measures to prevent the unlawful violations that take place almost daily on the borders nowadays.Regarding the expert breakthroughs each and every moment in the world of drones, a regulation that determines the level of sophistication accepted to be used is severely needed. These drones now have the ability to wander in the air for very long times and it is expected in the near future to theoretically have the ability to stay in air forever. The drones may be equipped with face recognition devices or even laser radars which may allow seeing through walls. On one side this may be good news for law enforcement institutions that things is going to be way easier in capturing the bad guys and would help in diminishing of the budgetary expenses. On the other hand it really raises a factual concern over the constitutionality of ant icipating such technological developments or at least shows the need of a strict regulation of usage or things may get messy.As a legislative tooth root I see that the usage of drones on U.S soil in domestic surveillance should be considered an action of search that needs a warrant on a lower floor the 4th amendment and any action of surveillance without a warrant should be considered unlawful. A warrant should be initiated according to tangible evidence or arguable suspicions that an individual/group is doing an action that is considered according to the U.S laws unlawful. The court should assess the suspicion and accordingly determine the duration by which after it the warrant expires with maximum of 30 days to be renewed according to new evidence or a probable cause. There may be some exceptions by which law enforcement may automatically respond by using drones without the need of warrants and these exceptions are as follows The existence of an imminent danger that threaten th e U.S borders and needs to be stymie or monitored closely. By imminent danger illegal entry of aliens/ illegal substances / arms is meant. Another exception would be in the case of emergencies like (natural disasters or fires etc). Third exception would be a threat to the national security of the country assessed by the department of National security. The secretary of homeland security takes the finding of using the drones. In all exceptions stated above a warrant shall be initiated after 48 hours from the decision of using the drones.The legislative frame work above just offers a compromise between making use of such a fascinating technology and ensuring that civil liberties to the maximum extent possible are safe and sound. I would like to conclude with words of Justice Scalia (Associate Justiceof theSupreme Court of the United States) which sums up the whole dilemma were living through here. He says and I quote It would be foolish to contend that the degree of privacy secured to citizens by the fourth amendment has been entirely unaffected by the advance of technology .. The question we confront today is what limits there are upon this power of technology to shrink the realm of guaranteed privacy. 1 In Katz v. United States, decided in 1967, the Court held that an FBI agents use of a bug to listen to the private conversations of Mr. Katz while in a telephone booth violated his one-fourth Amendment rights. Although he was in a public telephone booth and there was no physical invasion, the Court noted that what a person seeks to preserve private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected.

Ancient Civilizations The City Of Pompeii

Ancient Civilizations The City Of PompeiiThe city of Pompeii is historically famous for one reason it was washed-up completely by the hit of backup Vesuvius. While during the quantify of the popish Empire, it had been a prosperous city, in no way was it as famous as it is now. It is shown that Pompeii as an archeologic site is the longest continually excavated site in the world. The excavation of Pompeii has both immortalized Roman life, while write downing what was hold by the ash of Mount Vesuvius. Pompeii allows us to look into Roman life and architecture like never before, alone the site as a whole is also in danger.In 79 AD the eruption began on August 24. The Pompeians did not feel the need to evacuate, and did not feel threatened at all. The city was covered in ash and pumice, burying them. They citys name eventually faded from maps and its prosperity forgotten. It was not viewed as an archeological site until the 19th century when Giuseppe Fiorelli began excavating the site. Now the site is in danger of being entered due to the elements and lack of preservation.Pompeii is a spectacular site for one major reason the lava, ash and pumice encased the constitutional city and solidified, preserving it for over 1000 years. Though a great archeologic find, it now suffers. The threat of destruction has always accompanied Pompeii. In the first archaeological stages, when Fiorelli was excavating, the site was poorly guarded and was looted frequently. Charles III removed artifacts to embellish his own home. Others attempted to preserve frescoes and paintings by covering them in varnish. The lack of decent preservation first came to the public eye when the Schola Armaturarum collapsed due to water damage in 2010. The Armaturarum was a gladiator training arena and a very general building in Pompeii. After the collapse, the obvious need for attendance on the site was noted. Walls had begun to collapse, and the vegetation was overgrown. The areas in nee d of restoration are the areas that the public and tourists do not see. As Ray Laurence notes, Even for those scholars interested in art and architecture, Pompeii presents problems. In those areas off from the most visited parts of the site, vegetation often obscures the object of study. This female genitalia cause areas of the site to be neglected and not examined. The general deterioration of the archaeological remains should not be underestimated. The site is very large, over 44 hectares of land, but has a reduced staff. They cannot keep up with the size of the site, or prevent rain from damaging the artifacts. Though the damage has caught the eye of UNESCO (United Nations Educational scientific and Cultural Organization) and received funding for restoration of the site, it had lost some important parts of Pompeii. While Pompeii offers the public and scientists a view into the past, its study also is destroying the preserved ruins.In archaeology, they often must damage somethin g in order to study it. As Gary Devore of Stamford University says in James Owens article Since archaeology is destruction, we destroy bits of Pompeii as we go along. At Pompeii, the large sites that were excavated were also damaged by the constant work being done. In Pompeii, many of the people who had lived there were frozen in time by the volcanic debris. To get a full idea of how these people had died, a plaster molding was used. Ian Andrews states Archaeologists working on the ruins of Pompeii have discovered an keen way of reconstructing some of their finds. When lava from the eruption of AD 79 cooled, it solidified around all the objects which had been unable to take flight. Over the centuries, many of these objects decayed, leaving hollows in the solid lava. Archaeologists replenish these with liquid plaster liquid plaster is allowed to set and the lava can then be chipped away leaving an accurate cast of whatever was trapped by the lava flow nearly two thousand years ago. This process is helpful with the study of the site it also is destroying the naturally solidified encasing of the object. Once they chip away the lava, that figure is eliminated forever, leaving a plaster fill instead. The original case is now gone yet another piece of history we must destroy to discover answers.The final threat that Pompeii is faced with, along with the surrounding area, is another eruption from Mount Vesuvius. Scientists studying the volcano believe that another eruption could destroy even more than it did in 79 AD. Such an important site should be restored and under constant attention. Pompeiis impact on our society is slightly bigger than the average person knows.The discovery of Pompeii offers something that no other site can offer. It gives us an idea of Roman everyday life. Pompeians died in a state of panic, but that does not change the fact that every object in the entire city is ensnare where the owner last left it before trying to escape the clutches of Mount Vesuvius. This is a spectacular way to study Roman lifestyle, and to discover things no one had known. It is said by Judith Harris that Until Pompeii, no one knew how the antediluvian Romans actually lived. What archaeologists now look at in Pompeii is details within homes to see how families actually functioned. Before the discovery of Pompeii, it was thought that slaves would not have desire to be seen by the home owners and guests. This was proven incorrect when they discovered that some comm save used items of slaves were found in the main room. When looking at quaint Roman medical relations, Pompeii has shown that medical tools have been found in households, so rather than summoning a doctor they would do some medical procedures by themselves. Many of the villas in Pompeii belonged to the rich emperors and senators. They were holiday homes that they would visit throughout the year. This is most of what tourists see. Owens found that much research has centered on publi c buildings and breathtaking villas that exhibit the artistic and opulent lifestyle enjoyed by the citys wealthy elite, but now, they have begun to look at the other 98 percent of Pompeii that teach us nearly their everyday lives. In this part of Pompeii jobs were in trade, education, agriculture, accounting, and industry. A major part of Pompeiis prosperity is due to the proximity of the sea and the bustling ports. Puteoli and the Bay of Naples brought in perfect revenue and unlike Pompeii and Herculaneum were able to recover after the eruption of Vesuvius. The artwork of Pompeii included frescoes. Frescoes allowed people to express themselves and also show what the ancient Pompeians would have looked like. in that respect was graffiti in Pompeii. This graffiti was usually written in a public place and voiced cheery or somber messages. The study of such a bustling and enriched city is a reflection of Rome in its Golden Age. Peter Kesteven reflected, The citizens of Pompeii hav e their strengths and their weaknesses, just as we have. The Romans said that the life of a Roman town was the life of the empire in miniature. In studying Pompeii we can see the unity and method that led to success but possibly we can see something also of the weakness that eventually led to the decline of the empire. Pompeii reflects the empire as a whole it also immortalizes the life of the citizens of Rome.Pompeii not only shows us the lifestyle of Romans in ancient times, but it also influenced art, architecture and literature after its excavation began in 1748. Its excavation also began to influence archaeological advancements. It influenced wealthy folks across Europe because of the dawn of classicism. Elite Europeans would tour the Italian peninsula in search of art and artifacts to decorate their homes. Pompeii was specifically targeted because of the gems and riches found there, as well as the tragic tale behind its destruction. Many aristocratic European homes included a n Etruscan room the design was based off of Pompeian architecture and art. Pompeiis architecture was influenced by many cultures. Greek Doric columns, Etruscan bronze pottery and Roman temples were all found in Pompeii. Some of the buildings in Pompeii include temples to hero-worship Venus (the citys god), an amphitheatre, theatre, baths, sport centres, shops and workshops as well as block houses and villas. The architecture is unique Only in Pompeii is it possible to trace the history of Italian and Roman domestic architecture for at least four centuries. Pompeii influenced literature because after the birth of classicism, works like The Last Days in Pompeii written by Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton became popular amongst Europeans. Therefore Pompeiis destruction was unfortunate, but its rediscovery became a part of culture still prevalent today.Shelley Hales summarizes the events of Pompeii accurately by stating The eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE was a most paradoxical event. The catacl ysm both destroyed and preserved the relatively insignificant town of Pompeii and transformed its fortunes as its remains began to be excavated in the mid-eighteenth century, this town assumed centre- stage as a powerful and evocative portal through which one might at least attempt a closer communion with the ancient past. Archaeologist are doing their best to restore what previous damage had been done in the form of excavations, the threat of another eruption exists, and all the while Pompeii continues to be frozen in time immortalized by the very thing that destroyed it.Works Cited/ Updated BibliographyOwens, James. Ancient Roman Life uphold at Pompeii National Geographic. learning and Space Facts, Science and Space, Human Body, Health, Earth, Human Disease National Geographic. http//science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/pompeii/ (accessed November 29, 2012).Valsecchi, Maria Cristina. Pompeii Is Crumbling-Can It Be Saved?. insouciant Nature and Science News and H eadlines National Geographic News . http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/travelnews/2011/11/111107-pompeii-italy-science-travel-collapse-eu/ (accessed January 10, 2013).Pompeii Information. CyArk. http//archive.cyark.org/pompeii-info (accessed January 10, 2013).Laurence, Ray. Roman Pompeii space and society. London Routledge, 1994University of Leicestor. Everyday Life In Pompeii Revealed. Science Daily News Articles in Science, Health, Environment Technology. http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070424091412.htm (accessed January 15, 2013).Harris, Judith. Pompeii awakened a story of rediscovery. London I.B. Tauris, 2007.Andrews, Ian, Peter Kesteven, and Reginald Piggott. Pompeii. Minneapolis Lerner popularations, 1980.Stewart, Doug. Resurrecting Pompeii History Archaeology Smithsonian Magazine. History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places Smithsonian Magazine. http//www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/pompeii.html?c=ypage=5 (accessed January 19, 2013).Hales , Shelley. Pompeii in the Public Imagination from its Rediscovery to Today. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2011.

Native American Oppression

Native Ameri fag end OppressionWhoever controls the past controls the future (George Orwell). Freedom just what is liberty? Many think of freedom as having a choice. It is what the United States is supposedly founded on. But is it re anyy? How many people actu each(prenominal)y cave in the freedom to know the oppression not finished the eyes of the conqueror, but the conquered? History is not meant to be repeated, for it teaches us how to prevent. So why is it that we do not learn? The history of the Native the Statesns has neer been a pretty one.Native Americans have suffered and have been oppressed like none other. What capital of Ohio did to the Arawaks of the Bahamas, Cortes did to the Aztecs of Mexico, Pizarro to the Incas of Peru, and the side settlers of Virginia and mommy to the Powhatans and the Pequots. Settlers were see baron religious and political freedom during their bay they set their eyes on the new world. What is the point of freedom if one must subjugate other s for it?The history of oppression, of the European invasion on the Indian closings in the Americas begins five hundred years ago. That beginning is one of conquest, slavery, and death. When we read the history books given to children in the United States, it all starts with heroic adventure, one where at that place was no bloodshed, and Columbus Day is a celebration. Past the elementary and high schools, there ar moreover occasional hints of something else, but only a hint. Samuel Eliot Morison in his frequent book Christopher Columbus, Mariner, written in 1954, he tells ab by the enslavement and the killing The cruel policy initiated by Columbus and pursued by his successors resulted in arrest genocide. Samuel Eliot Morison did not lie ab unwrap Christopher Columbus. But rather he mentioned the truth quickly and very subtly.On October 12, a sailor called Rodrigo saw the early break of daytime moon shining on white sands, and cried out. It was an island in the Bahamas, the Caribbean Sea. The first man to sight land was to stick out a yearly pension of 10,000 maravedis for life, but Rodrigo neer got it. Columbus claimed he had seen a light the evening out front. He got the reward. So, approaching land, they were met by the Arawak Indians, who swam out to greet them. The Arawaks lived in village communes, had a developed horticulture of corn, yams, and cassava. They could spin and weave, but they had no horses or work animals. They had no iron, but they wore tiny princely ornaments in their ears.Arawak men and women full of wonder emerged from their villages onto the islands beaches and swam out to get a closer look at the strange big boat, the likes of which they had never before seen. When Columbus and his sailors came ashore, carrying swords, speaking oddly, the Arawaks ran to greet them, brought them food, water, gifts. He later wrote of this in his pound They brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks bells. They willingly traded everything they owned. They were well- build, with good bodies and handsome features. They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane They would make fine servants. With cardinal men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.The gold ornaments would prove to have disastrous consequences as they would fuel the greed the Spanish had. Christopher Columbus ordered for some of them to be captured by force and sent on board the ships. The main goal behind this was information about the location of gold. On the way back the Native Americans died aboard the ship when the weather dropped.The Indians, Columbus reported, are so naive and so free with their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say no. To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone. He concluded his report by asking for a little friend from their Majesties, and in return he would bring them from his next voyage as much gold as they need and as many slaves as they ask. He was full of religious talk Thus the eternal God, our Lord, gives victory to those who follow His way over apparent impossibilities.His second travel was given seventeen ships and much than twelve hundred men. The aim was clear slaves and gold. They went from island to island in the Caribbean, taking Indians as captives. But as word spread of the Europeans intent they found more and more empty villages. On Haiti, they found that the sailors left behind at Fort Navidad had been killed in a battle with the Indians, after they had roamed the island in gangs looking for gold, taking women and children as slaves for sex and labor. When there was a possibility of making a profit God had no room in Christopher Columbus mind.Columbus sent e xpedition after expedition into the interior. They found no gold fields, but had to fill up the ships reroutine to Spain with some kind of dividend. In the year 1495, they went on a great slave raid, rounded up fifteen hundred Arawak men, women, and children, gift them in pens guarded by Spaniards and dogs, hence picked the five hundred best specimens to debauch onto ships. Of those five hundred, two hundred died en route. The rest arrived alive in Spain and were put up for sale by the archdeacon of the town, who reported that, although the slaves were naked as the day they were born, they showed no more embarrassment than animals. Columbus later wrote Let us in the name of the Holy Trinity go on sending all the slaves that can be sold.In the province of Cicao on Haiti, where he and his men imagined huge gold fields to exist, they ordered all persons fourteen years or older to collect a certain quantity of gold every triple months. When they brought it, they were given horseshi t tokens to hang around their necks. Indians found without a copper token had their hands cut off and bled to death.The Indians had been given an impossible task. The only gold around was bits of dust garnered from the streams. So they fled, were hunted down with dogs, and were killed.Trying to put together an army of resistance, the Arawaks faced Spaniards who had armor, muskets, swords, horses. When the Spaniards took prisoners they hanged them or burned them to death. Among the Arawaks, mass suicides began, with cassava poison. Infants were killed to save them from the Spaniards. In two years, through mop up, mutilation, or suicide, half of the Indians on Haiti were dead. This was all in the name of the holy trinity, and ordered by Columbus. The Arawaks were not the only Indians to suffer at the hands of European forces.The Aztec refinement of Mexico came out of the heritage of Mayan, Zapotec, and Toltec cultures. It built enormous constructions from stone tools and human labor , developed a writing system and a priesthood. It also engaged in the ritual killing of thousands of people as sacrifices to the gods. The cruelty of the Aztecs, however, did not erase a certain innocence, and when a Spanish armada appeared at Vera Cruz, and a bearded white man came ashore, with strange beasts, clad in iron, it was thought that he was the legendary Aztec man-god, and so they welcomed him, with magnanimous hospitality.That was Hernando Cortes, sent from Spain, and blessed by the deputies of God, with one obsessive goal to find gold. For God, for Glory, and Gold. (Cortez) In the mind of Montezuma, the king of the Aztecs, there must have been a certain doubt about whether Cortes was indeed Quetzalcoatl, because he sent a hundred runners to Cortes, bearing enormous treasures, gold and silver wrought into objects of fantastic beauty, but at the same time begging him to go back.Cortes then began his march of death from town to town, using deception, turning Aztec against Aztec, killing with the kind of deliberateness that accompanies a strategy-to paralyze the will of the population by a sudden frightful deed. And so, in Cholulu, he invited the headmen of the Cholula nation to the square. And when they came, with thousands of strip retainers, Cortess small army of Spaniards, posted around the square with cannon, armed with crossbows, mounted on horses, massacred them, down to the last man. Then they looted the city and moved on. When their cavalcade of murder was over they were in Mexico City, Montezuma was dead, and the Aztec civilization, shattered, was in the hands of the Spaniards.In Peru, the Spanish conquistador Pizarro, used the same tactics, and for the same reasons- the frenzy in the early capitalist states of Europe for gold, slaves, and products of the soil. To succumb the bondholders and stockholders of the expeditions which in turn financed the monarchical bureaucracies rising in Western Europe. Also to spur the growth of the new mone y economy rising out of feudalism, and to enroll in what Karl Marx would later call the primitive accumulation of capital. These were the violent beginnings of an intricate system of technology, business, politics, and culture that would dominate the world for the next five centuries.In the marriage American position colonies, the pattern was set early, as Columbus had set it in the islands of the Bahamas. In 1585, before there was any permanent side of meat settlement in Virginia, Richard Grenville landed there with seven ships. The Indians he met were hospitable, but when one of them stole a small silver cup, Grenville sacked and burned the whole Indian village.Jamestown itself was set up inside the territory of an Indian confederacy, led by the chief, Powhatan. Powhatan watched the English settle on his peoples land, but did not attack, maintaining a posture of coolness. When the English were going through their starving time in the winter of 1610, some of them ran off to joi n the Indians, where they would at least be fed. When the summer came, the governor of the dependence sent a messenger to ask Powhatan to return the runaways, whereupon Powhatan, according to the English account, replied with no other than proud and disdainful Answers. Some soldiers were therefore sent out to take Revenge. They fell upon an Indian settlement, killed fifteen or sixteen Indians, burned the houses, cut down the corn growing around the village, took the queen of the tribe and her children into boats, then ended up throwing the children overboard and shot out their Brains in the water. The queen was later taken off and stabbed to death.Twelve years later, the Indians, alarmed as the English settlements kept growing in numbers, apparently decided to try to wipe them out for good. They went on a rampage and massacred 347 men, women, and children. From then on it was total war.not able to enslave the Indians, and not able to live with them, the English decided to extermina te them. Edmund Morgan writes, in his history of early Virginia, American Slavery, American Freedom Since the Indians were collapse woodsmen than the English and virtually impossible to track down, the method was to feign peaceful intentions, let them settle down and plant their corn wherever they chose, and then, just before harvest, fall upon them, killing as many as possible and burning the corn Within two or three years of the massacre the English had avenged the deaths of that day many times over.The lies of American History are too many to tell. Christopher Columbus wasnt a hero but a murderer, and the pilgrims didnt have the fairy tale relation with the Indians.When the Pilgrims came to New England they too were coming not to vacant land but to territory inhabited by tribes of Indians. The governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop, created the absolve to take Indian land by declaring the area legally a vacuum. The Indians, he said, had not subdued the land, an d therefore had only a natural right to it, but not a civil right. A natural right did not have legal standing.The Puritans also appealed to the Bible, psalm 28 Ask of me, and I shall give thee, the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession. And to justify their use of force to take the land, they cited Romans 132 Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation.The Puritans lived in uneasy truce with the Pequot Indians, who occupied what is now southern Connecticut and Rhode Island. But they wanted them out of the way they wanted their land. And they seemed to want also to establish their rule firmly over Connecticut settlers in that area. The murder of a white trader, Indian-kidnaper, and troublemaker became an excuse to make war on the Pequots in 1636.So, the war with the Pequots began. Massacres took place on both sides. The English developed a tactic of warfare used primitively by Cortes and later, in the twentieth century, even more systematically deliberate attacks on noncombatants for the purpose of terrorizing the enemy. This is ethno historian Francis Jenningss interpretation of Captain John Masons attack on a Pequot village on the Mystic River near Long Island Sound Mason proposed to avoid attacking Pequot warriors, which would have overtaxed his unseasoned, unreliable troops. employment, as such, was not his purpose. Battle is only one of the ways to destroy an enemys will to fight. Massacre can accomplish the same end with less risk, and Mason had determined that massacre would be his objective. As Dr. Cotton Mather, Puritan theologian put it It was supposed that no less than 600 Pequot souls were brought down to hell that day.The war continued. Indian tribes were used against one another, and never seemed able to join together in fighting the English. Jennings sums up The terror was very real among the Indians, but in t ime they came to meditate upon its foundations. They drew three lessons from the Pequot War First, that the Englishmens most solemn pledge would be broken whenever obligation conflicted with advantage Second, that the English way of war had no limit of scruple or mercy and third that weapons of Indian making were almost useless against weapons of European manufacture. These lessons the Indians took to heart.Was all this bloodshed and deceit-from Columbus, Cortes, Pizarro, and the Puritans-a necessity for the human race to progress from savagery to civilization? Was Morison right in burying the story of genocide inside a story of human progress? Perhaps a persuasive argument can be made-as it was made by Stalin when he killed peasants for industrial progress in the Soviet Union, as it was made by Churchill explaining the bombings of Dresden and Hamburg, and Truman explaining Hiroshima. But how can the judgment be made if the benefits and losses cannot be balanced because the losses a re either unmentioned or mentioned quickly?To emphasize the heroism of Columbus and his successors as navigators and discoverers, and to de-emphasize their genocide, is not a technical necessity but an ideological choice. It is certainly the choice which most make. The easy acceptance of atrocities as a deplorable but incumbent price to pay for progress (Hiroshima and Vietnam, to save Western civilization Kronstadt and Hungary, to save socialism nuclear proliferation, to save us all)-that is still with us. One reason these atrocities are still with us is that we have learned to bury them in a mass of other facts, as radioactive wastes are buried in containers in the earth. We have learned to give them exactly the same proportion of attention that teachers and writers often give them in the most respectable of classrooms and textbooks. This learned sense of good proportion, coming from the apparent objectivity of the scholar, is accepted more easily than when it comes from politici ans at press conferences. It is therefore more deadly. Not to mention more widespread.The treatment of heroes and their victims, and the fluid acceptance of conquest and murder in the name of progress, is only one aspect of a certain approach to history, in which the past is told from the point of view of governments, conquerors, diplomats, leaders. It is as if they, like Columbus, deserve universal acceptance, as if they-the Founding Fathers, Jackson, Lincoln, Wilson, Roosevelt, Kennedy, the leading members of Congress, the famous Justices of the Supreme Court-represent the nation as a whole. The pretense is that there sincerely is such a thing as the United States, subject to occasional conflicts and quarrels, but fundamentally a community of people with common interests. It is as if there really is a national interest represented in the Constitution, in territorial expansion, in the laws passed by Congress, the decisions of the courts, the development of capitalism, the cultur e of education and the mass media. in that respect is no justification for oppression and genocide. There can be no mission directly from God which destroys an entire culture. No legal document or moral law will ever be enough to justify it. While the people may die the rancor left behind drug abuse perish. For it will be documented in history. The true history of the world is all of the peoples stories not just the conquerors. Whoever controls the past controls the future (George Orwell).A hunch O.K. bison. Proud and majestic. Now bowing. Arched over him, United States of America hangs above. Flip, reflect. A profile. A man with pride, feathers in his hair. Branded. 1936. The word liberty hangs in front of him. Taunting. He does not see it. His eyes are downcast. To notice it would be shortsighted. For what do he and his descendants know of liberty? Their relation with it is maintained with reservations. Primitive niggardliness camps. Ironic. Little remains today of the bison an d the Indian. Confined to obverse and reverse. Looking past each other in opposite directions. To the air, the empty air. Dreaming of days, long gone, many moons ago. whole kit and caboodle CitedAngelis, Gina De. Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of Inca. Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers, 2001.Bandelier, F. Hernando Corts. Catholic Encyclopedia. kinsfolk 20, 2003. .Bowden, Thomas. The Enemies of Christopher Columbus Answers to Critical Questions About the Spread of Western Civilization . The Paper Tiger, 2003.Corts, Hernn, Marqus Del Valle De Oaxaca. Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition CD-ROM. September 20, 2003Crivelli, Camillus. Francisco Pizarro. Catholic Encyclopedia. September 23, 2003 .Fisher, Mark/Richardson, Kristi. Francisco Pizarro. Carpenoctem. 20 Sept. 2003Fisher, Mark/Richardson, Kristi. Hernando Cortes. Carpenoctem. 20 Sept. 2003Francisco, Michael. Cortes Speech. Escondido Tutorial Service. 20 Sept. 2003 .Gibson, Charles. Cortes, Hernando. The World Book Encyclopedi a. Chicago World Book Inc., 1997Jennings, Francis. The Invasion of America Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest. Ney York Norton library, 1975.King James Version. Bible.Marx, Karl. The Communist Manifesto. London , 1848.Orwell, George. Quote DB. . 20 Nov. 2009 .Pizarro, Francisco. Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition CD-ROM. September 20, 2003Powhatan Indian Tribe History . Access Genealogy. 20 Nov. 2009 .

Gender Roles in Society Essay -- Sociology Gender Sex Dominant Essays

Gender Roles in Society Since the beginning of time men have played the preponderant role in nearly every tillage around the world. If the men were not dominant, then the women and men in the culture were equal. Never has a culture been found where women have dominated. In Society and fetch up Roles by Ernestine Friedl, Friedl supports the previous statement and suggests that although the degree of masculine authority may vary from one classify to the next, males always have more power (261). Friedl discusses a variety of diverse conditions that determine different degrees of male dominance focusing mainly on the dissemination of re arisings. In The Forest People by Colin Turnbull, Turnbull describes the culture of the BaMbuti while incorporating the evident sex roles among these people of the forest. I believe that the sex roles of the BaMbuti depicted by Turnbull definitely follow the pattern that is the basis of Freidls arguments about the conditions that determine variation s of male dominance. Through examples of different accounts of sex roles of the BaMbuti and by direct quotations made by Turnbull as well as members of the BaMbuti tribe, I intend on describing exactly how the sex roles of the BaMbuti follow the patterns discussed by Freidl. I also aim to depict how although women atomic number 18 a vital part of the BaMbuti culture and encounter equality in many areas of the culture, men still obtain a certain degree of dominance.Friedl argues that the source of male power among hunter-gatherers lies in their control of a scarce, hard to acquire, but necessary nutrient-animal protein (263). This is proven by the people of the BaMbuti since they do in fact trust on the hunter-gatherer method which is a physical process where the people depend on wild plants and animals for subsistence. Although the women of the BaMbuti culture contribute a substantial amount to the hunting process by foraging for mushrooms and nuts and by driving the animals int o the net, the men actually kill the animal and distribute it among the tribe. Turnbull states that survival can be achieved only by the closest co-operation and by an elaborate system of reciprocal obligations which insures that everyone has some share in the days catch (107). According to Friedl this distribution obligates others to the hunter and these obligations urinate a form of power or control over others, both men and... ... to the degree of dominance held by men in the BaMbuti culture. Although this degree skill not be extremely high and women do acquire a certain level of equality with the men, the patterns expressed by Friedl in Society and Sex Roles are consistently followed throughout Turnbulls book, The Forest People.The Forest People is a great example of the patterns expressed by Friedl in her article. Friedls scheme that men tend to dominate based on the amount of resources distributed and on the division of labor based on sex is proven through the actions of t he BaMbuti people. The take dominance that exists by men in nearly every culture is one that is likely to continue for many years if not forever. Friedl suggests that as want as women spend their discretionary income from jobs on domestic needs, they will gain little social recognition and power (269). She proposes that the only way women will attain equality is to gain access to positions that control the exchange of resources (269). If in fact women do continue to gain these higher positions, then male dominance may eventually become obsolete and egalitarianism may one day become the basis of industrial societies.